G. Martin, D. Mannino, S. Eaton, and M. Moss, The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.348, issue.16, pp.1546-1554, 2000.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022139

T. Russo and J. Johnson, ExPEC, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.181, issue.5, pp.1753-1754, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/315418

T. Wiles and R. Kulesus, Origins and virulence mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.11-19, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.03.007

A. Leimbach, J. Hacker, and U. Dobrindt, E. coli as an All-Rounder: The Thin Line Between Commensalism and Pathogenicity, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, vol.358, pp.3-32, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/82_2012_303

T. Hannan, M. Totsika, K. Mansfield, K. Moore, and M. Schembri, bladder infection, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.36, issue.3, pp.616-648, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00339.x

R. Welch, V. Burland, G. Plunkett, R. P. Roesch, and P. , Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.26, pp.17020-17024, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.252529799

G. Nagy, A. Altenhoefer, O. Knapp, E. Maier, and U. Dobrindt, Both ??-haemolysin determinants contribute to full virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536, Microbes and Infection, vol.8, issue.8, pp.2006-2012, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.029

C. Alteri and H. Mobley, Escherichia coli physiology and metabolism dictates adaptation to diverse host microenvironments, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.15, issue.1, p.22204808, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2011.12.004

D. Dubois, J. Delmas, A. Cady, F. Robin, and A. Sivignon, Cyclomodulins in Urosepsis Strains of Escherichia coli, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.48, issue.6, pp.2122-2129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.02365-09

Y. Smith, S. Rasmussen, K. Grande, R. Conran, and O. , Brien AD Hemolysin of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Evokes Extensive Shedding of the Uroepithelium and Hemorrhage in Bladder Tissue Within the First 24 Hours After Intraurethral Inoculation of Mice, Infect Immun, 2008.

K. Rippere-lampe, M. Lang, H. Ceri, M. Olson, and H. Lockman, Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor Type 1-Positive Escherichia coli Causes Increased Inflammation and Tissue Damage to the Prostate in a Rat Prostatitis Model, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.10, pp.6515-6519, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.10.6515-6519.2001

J. Real, P. Munro, C. Buisson-touati, E. Lemichez, and P. Boquet, Specificity of immunomodulator secretion in urinary samples in response to infection by alpha-hemolysin and CNF1 bearing uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Cytokine, vol.37, issue.1, pp.22-25, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.016

I. Linhartova, L. Bumba, J. Masin, M. Basler, and R. Osicka, RTX proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1076-1112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00231.x

R. Welch, Pore-forming cytolysins of Gram-negative bacteria, Molecular Microbiology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.521-528, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01869107

S. Bhakdi, H. Bayley, A. Valeva, I. Walev, and B. Walker, Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, streptolysin-O, and Escherichia coli hemolysin: prototypes of pore-forming bacterial cytolysins, Archives of Microbiology, vol.165, issue.2, pp.73-79, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s002030050300

O. Gadeberg, I. Orskov, and J. Rhodes, Cytotoxic effect of an alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain on human blood monocytes and granulocytes in vitro, Infect Immun, vol.41, pp.358-364, 1983.

C. Gur, S. Coppenhagen-glazer, S. Rosenberg, R. Yamin, and J. Enk, Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Host Defense against Uropathogenic E.??coli Is Counteracted by Bacterial HemolysinA-Dependent Killing of NK Cells, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.14, issue.6, pp.664-674, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2013.11.004

T. Wiles and M. Mulvey, : progress and perspectives, Future Microbiology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.73-84, 2013.
DOI : 10.2217/fmb.12.131

L. Landraud, M. Gibert, M. Popoff, P. Boquet, and M. Gauthier, Expression of cnf1 by Escherichia coli J96 involves a large upstream DNA region including the hlyCABD operon, and is regulated by the RfaH protein, Molecular Microbiology, vol.217, issue.6, pp.1653-1667, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03391.x

J. Leeds and R. Welch, RfaH enhances elongation of Escherichia coli hlyCABD mRNA., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.178, issue.7, pp.1850-1857, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.178.7.1850-1857.1996

K. Aktories and J. Barbieri, Bacterial cytotoxins: targeting eukaryotic switches, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.271, issue.5, pp.397-410, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.027

J. Galan, Common Themes in the Design and Function of Bacterial Effectors, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.5, issue.6, pp.571-579, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2009.04.008

V. Bruno, S. Hannemann, M. Lara-tejero, R. Flavell, and S. Kleinstein, Salmonella Typhimurium Type III Secretion Effectors Stimulate Innate Immune Responses in Cultured Epithelial Cells, PLoS Pathogens, vol.439, issue.8, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000538.s008

P. Munro, G. Flatau, A. Doye, L. Boyer, and O. Oregioni, Activation and Proteasomal Degradation of Rho GTPases by Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor-1 Elicit a Controlled Inflammatory Response, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.34, pp.35849-35857, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M401580200

M. Lemonnier, L. Landraud, and E. Lemichez, Rho GTPase-activating bacterial toxins: from bacterial virulence regulation to eukaryotic cell biology, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.31, issue.5, pp.515-534, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00078.x

L. Boyer, L. Magoc, S. Dejardin, M. Cappillino, and N. Paquette, Pathogen-Derived Effectors Trigger Protective Immunity via Activation of the Rac2 Enzyme and the IMD or Rip Kinase Signaling Pathway, Immunity, vol.35, issue.4, pp.536-549, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.015

A. Keestra, M. Winter, J. Auburger, S. Frassle, and M. Xavier, Manipulation of small Rho GTPases is a pathogen-induced process detected by NOD1, Nature, vol.74, issue.7444, pp.233-237, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature12025

J. Jones and J. Dangl, The plant immune system, Nature, vol.308, issue.7117, pp.323-329, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05286

L. Stuart, N. Paquette, and L. Boyer, Effector-triggered versus pattern-triggered immunity: how animals sense pathogens, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.109, issue.3, pp.199-206, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nri3398

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121468

P. Broz and D. Monack, Molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation during microbial infections, Immunological Reviews, vol.7, issue.1, pp.174-190, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01041.x

M. Keller, A. Ruegg, S. Werner, and H. Beer, Active Caspase-1 Is a Regulator of Unconventional Protein Secretion, Cell, vol.132, issue.5, pp.818-831, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.040

M. Kostura, M. Tocci, G. Limjuco, J. Chin, and P. Cameron, Identification of a monocyte specific pre-interleukin 1 beta convertase activity., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.86, issue.14, pp.5227-5231, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5227

A. Friebel, H. Ilchmann, M. Aepfelbacher, K. Ehrbar, and W. Machleidt, SopE and SopE2 from Salmonella typhimurium Activate Different Sets of RhoGTPases of the Host Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.36, pp.34035-34040, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M100609200

M. Lara-tejero, F. Sutterwala, Y. Ogura, E. Grant, and J. Bertin, pathogenesis, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.65, issue.6, pp.1407-1412, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04515

A. Muller, C. Hoffmann, M. Galle, A. Van-den-broeke, and M. Heikenwalder, The S. Typhimurium Effector SopE Induces Caspase-1 Activation in Stromal Cells to Initiate Gut Inflammation, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.6, issue.2, pp.125-136, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2009.07.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00671043

C. Dinarello and . Interleukin, Interleukin-1beta, Interleukin-18, and the Interleukin-1beta Converting Enzymea, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.4, issue.1 MOLECULAR MEC, pp.1-11, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90155-3

C. Garlanda and C. Dinarello, The Interleukin-1 Family: Back to the Future, Immunity, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1003-1018, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.010

L. Franchi, R. Munoz-planillo, and G. Nunez, Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes, Nature Immunology, vol.180, issue.4, pp.325-332, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07725

V. Petrilli, C. Dostert, D. Muruve, and J. Tschopp, The inflammasome: a danger sensing complex triggering innate immunity, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.615-622, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2007.09.002

R. Vance, R. Isberg, and D. Portnoy, Patterns of Pathogenesis: Discrimination of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Microbes by the Innate Immune System, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.6, issue.1, pp.10-21, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2009.06.007

H. Xu, J. Yang, W. Gao, L. Li, and P. Li, Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome, Nature, vol.10, issue.7517, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/nature13449

X. Wang, K. Parashar, A. Sitaram, J. Bliska, and G. The, The GAP Activity of Type III Effector YopE Triggers Killing of Yersinia in Macrophages, PLoS Pathogens, vol.79, issue.8, p.25165815, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004346.s010

A. Caprioli, V. Falbo, F. Ruggeri, F. Minelli, and I. Orskov, Relationship between cytotoxic necrotizing factor production and serotype in hemolytic Escherichia coli, J Clin Microbiol, vol.27, pp.758-761, 1989.

S. Yamamoto, T. Tsukamoto, A. Terai, H. Kurazono, and Y. Takeda, Isolated from Urine of Cystitis Patients, Microbiology and Immunology, vol.158, issue.6, pp.401-404, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02219.x

B. Finlay and G. Mcfadden, Anti-Immunology: Evasion of the Host Immune System by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, Cell, vol.124, issue.4, pp.767-782, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034

N. Pumplin and O. Voinnet, RNA silencing suppression by plant pathogens: defence, counter-defence and counter-counter-defence, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.454, issue.11, pp.745-760, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.018

M. Mulvey and J. Schilling, Establishment of a Persistent Escherichia coli Reservoir during the Acute Phase of a Bladder Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.7, pp.4572-4579, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001

A. Doye, L. Boyer, A. Mettouchi, and E. Lemichez, Ubiquitin???Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Rho Proteins by the CNF1 Toxin, Methods Enzymol, vol.406, pp.447-456, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06033-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00000096

M. Lemonnier, J. Bouet, V. Libante, and D. Lane, Disruption of the F plasmid partition complex in vivo by partition protein SopA, Molecular Microbiology, vol.181, issue.3, pp.493-505, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4761842.x

A. Jacquel, S. Obba, L. Boyer, M. Dufies, and G. Robert, Autophagy is required for CSF-1-induced macrophagic differentiation and acquisition of phagocytic functions, Blood, vol.119, issue.19, pp.4527-4531, 2012.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2011-11-392167

K. Kuida, J. Lippke, G. Ku, M. Harding, and D. Livingston, Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme, Science, vol.267, issue.5206, pp.2000-2003, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7535475

S. Smith, E. Hagan, and M. Lane, Mobley HL Dissemination and systemic colonization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a murine model of bacteremia, MBio, vol.1, 2010.