H. Alitto, B. Moore, D. Rathbun, and W. Usrey, A comparison of visual responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of alert and anaesthetized macaque monkeys, The Journal of Physiology, vol.77, issue.1, pp.87-99, 2011.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.190538

J. Anderson, M. Carandini, and D. Ferster, Orientation tuning of input conductance , excitation, and inhibition in cat primary visual cortex, J Neurophysiol, vol.84, pp.909-926, 2000.

B. Antkowiak, Different Actions of General Anesthetics on the Firing Patterns of Neocortical Neurons Mediated by the GABAA Receptor, Anesthesiology, vol.91, issue.2, pp.500-511, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199908000-00025

A. Arieli, D. Shoham, R. Hildesheim, and A. Grinvald, Coherent spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing activity revealed by real-time optical imaging coupled with single-unit recording in the cat visual cortex, J Neurophysiol, vol.73, pp.2072-2093, 1995.

A. Arieli, A. Sterkin, A. Grinvald, and A. Aertsen, Dynamics of Ongoing Activity: Explanation of the Large Variability in Evoked Cortical Responses, Science, vol.273, issue.5283, pp.1868-1871, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.273.5283.1868

W. Bair, J. Cavanaugh, M. Smith, and J. Movshon, The timing of response onset and offset in macaque visual neurons, J Neurosci, vol.22, pp.3189-3205, 2002.

M. Banks and R. Pearce, Dual Actions of Volatile Anesthetics on GABAA IPSCs, Anesthesiology, vol.90, issue.1, pp.120-134, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199901000-00018

T. Binzegger, R. Douglas, and K. Martin, A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.39, pp.8441-8453, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1400-04.2004

L. Borg-graham, C. Monier, and Y. Frégnac, Visual input evokes transient and strong shunting inhibition in visual cortical neurons, Nature, vol.393, pp.369-373, 1998.

C. Busettini and M. Frölich, Effects of mild to moderate sedation on saccadic eye movements, Behavioural Brain Research, vol.272, pp.286-302, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.012

P. Buzás, U. Eysel, P. Adorján, and Z. Kisvárday, Axonal topography of cortical basket cells in relation to orientation, direction, and ocular dominance maps, Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.259-285, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.1282

P. Buzás, K. Kovács, A. Ferecskó, J. Budd, U. Eysel et al., Model-based analysis of excitatory lateral connections in the visual cortex, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol.47, issue.6, pp.861-881, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/cne.21134

M. Capogna and R. Pearce, GABAA,slow: causes and consequences, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.34, issue.2, pp.101-112, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.005

F. Chavane, D. Sharon, D. Jancke, O. Marre, Y. Frégnac et al., Lateral spread of orientation selectivity in V1 is controlled by intracortical cooperativity, Front Syst Neurosci, vol.5, pp.1-26, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00635982

S. Chemla and F. Chavane, A biophysical cortical column model to study the multi-component origin of the VSDI signal, NeuroImage, vol.53, issue.2, pp.420-438, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.026

S. Chemla and F. Chavane, Voltage-sensitive dye imaging: Technique review and models, Journal of Physiology-Paris, vol.104, issue.1-2, pp.40-50, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2009.11.009

L. Chen, R. Friedman, and A. Roe, Optical Imaging of SI Topography in Anesthetized and Awake Squirrel Monkeys, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.25, issue.33, pp.7648-7659, 2005.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1990-05.2005

Y. Chen, W. Geisler, and E. Seidemann, Optimal decoding of correlated neural population responses in the primate visual cortex, Nature Neuroscience, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1412-1420, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81027-2

Y. Chen, W. Geisler, and E. Seidemann, Optimal Temporal Decoding of Neural Population Responses in a Reaction-Time Visual Detection Task, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.99, issue.3, pp.1366-1379, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00698.2007

Y. Chen, C. Palmer, and E. Seidemann, The relationship between voltage-sensitive dye imaging signals and spiking activity of neural populations in primate V1, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.107, issue.12, pp.3281-3295, 2012.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00977.2011

M. Chisari, K. Wu, C. Zorumski, and S. Mennerick, receptor function in the absence of a conventional binding site, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol.464, issue.1, pp.667-680, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01396.x

M. Churchland, B. Yu, J. Cunningham, L. Sugrue, M. Cohen et al., Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon, Nature Neuroscience, vol.21, issue.3, pp.369-378, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nn.2501
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828350

E. Civillico and D. Contreras, Comparison of Responses to Electrical Stimulation and Whisker Deflection Using Two Different Voltage-sensitive Dyes in Mouse Barrel Cortex in Vivo, Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.171-182, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00232-005-0828-6

L. Cohen, B. Salzberg, H. Davila, W. Ross, D. Landowne et al., Changes in axon fluorescence during activity: Molecular probes of membrane potential, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-36, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01869968

D. Contreras and L. Palmer, Response to contrast of electrophysiologically defined cell classes in primary visual cortex, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.6936-6945, 2003.

W. Denk, K. Delaney, A. Gelperin, D. Kleinfeld, B. Strowbridge et al., Anatomical and functional imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.54, issue.2, pp.151-162, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0270(94)90189-9

A. Destexhe, Z. Mainen, and T. Sejnowski, Kinetic Models of Synaptic Transmission, 1998.

A. Destexhe, M. Rudolph, J. Fellous, and T. Sejnowski, Fluctuating synaptic conductances recreate in vivo-like activity in neocortical neurons, Neuroscience, vol.107, issue.1, pp.13-24, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00344-X
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00124691

I. Devonshire, T. Grandy, E. Dommett, and S. Greenfield, Effects of urethane anaesthesia on sensory processing in the rat barrel cortex revealed by combined optical imaging and electrophysiology, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.13, issue.5, pp.786-797, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07322.x

I. Férézou, S. Bolea, and C. Petersen, Visualizing the Cortical Representation of Whisker Touch: Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging in Freely Moving Mice, Neuron, vol.50, issue.4, pp.617-629, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.043

A. Fine, W. Amos, R. Durbin, and P. Mcnaughton, Confocal microscopy: applications in neurobiology, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.11, issue.8, pp.346-351, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-2236(88)90056-2

W. Geisler and D. Albrecht, Abstract, Visual Neuroscience, vol.203, issue.05, pp.897-919, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-4328(84)90038-X

P. Gleeson, V. Steuber, and R. Silver, neuroConstruct: A Tool for Modeling Networks of Neurons in 3D Space, Neuron, vol.54, issue.2, pp.219-235, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.025

T. Grandy, S. Greenfield, and I. Devonshire, An evaluation of in vivo voltage-sensitive dyes: pharmacological side effects and signal-to-noise ratios after effective removal of brain-pulsation artifacts, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.108, issue.11, pp.2931-2945, 2012.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00512.2011

A. Grinvald, E. Lieke, R. Frostig, and R. Hildesheim, Cortical point-spread function and long-range lateral interactions revealed by real-time optical imaging of macaque monkey primary visual cortex, J Neurosci, vol.14, pp.2545-2568, 1994.

A. Grinvald, D. Shoham, A. Shmuel, D. Glaser, I. Vanzetta et al., In-vivo Optical Imaging of Cortical Architecture and Dynamics, Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research, pp.893-969, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-58552-4_34

A. Grinvald and R. Hildesheim, VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.28, issue.11, pp.874-885, 2004.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.040477

B. Haider, M. Häusser, and M. Carandini, Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex, Nature, vol.97, issue.7430, pp.97-100, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature11665

Z. Nusser, D. Naylor, and I. Mody, Synapse-Specific Contribution of the Variation of Transmitter Concentration to the Decay of Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents, Biophysical Journal, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1251-1261, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76101-2

S. Ogawa, E. Tanaka, M. Shin, N. Kotani, and N. Akaike, Volatile anesthetic effects on isolated GABA synapses and extrasynaptic receptors, Neuropharmacology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.701-710, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.016

S. Onat, N. Nortmann, S. Rekauzke, P. König, and D. Jancke, Independent encoding of grating motion across stationary feature maps in primary visual cortex visualized with voltage-sensitive dye imaging, NeuroImage, vol.55, issue.4, pp.1763-1770, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.004

S. Onat, P. König, and D. Jancke, Natural Scene Evoked Population Dynamics across Cat Primary Visual Cortex Captured with Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging, Cerebral Cortex, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2542-2554, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/bhr038

B. Orser, L. Mcadam, S. Roder, and J. Macdonald, General anaesthetics and their effects on GABAA receptor desensitization, Toxicology Letters, vol.100, issue.101, pp.217-224, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00188-X

T. Otis and I. Mody, Modulation of decay kinetics and frequency of GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal neurons, Neuroscience, vol.49, issue.1, pp.13-32, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90073-B

H. Ozeki, I. Finn, E. Schaffer, K. Miller, and D. Ferster, Inhibitory stabilization of the cortical network underlies visual surround suppression, Neuroscience Research, vol.65, pp.578-592, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1125

C. Petersen and B. Sakmann, Functional independent columns of rat somatosensory barrel cortex revealed with voltage-sensitive dye imaging, J Neurosci, vol.21, pp.8435-8446, 2001.

C. Petersen, A. Grinvald, and B. Sakmann, Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltagesensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions, J Neurosci, vol.23, pp.1298-1309, 2003.

R. Project, R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (ISBN 3?900051-07-0) (Online). https://www.r-project.org, 2008.

A. Rangan, D. Cai, and D. Mclaughlin, Modeling the spatiotemporal cortical activity associated with the line-motion illusion in primary visual cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.52, pp.18793-18800, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0509481102

A. Reynaud, F. Barthélemy, G. Masson, and F. Chavane, Input-output transformation in the visuo-oculomotor loop: comparison of real-time optical imaging recordings in V1 to ocular following responses upon centersurround stimulation, Arch Ital Biol, vol.145, pp.251-262, 2007.

A. Reynaud, G. Masson, and F. Chavane, Dynamics of Local Input Normalization Result from Balanced Short- and Long-Range Intracortical Interactions in Area V1, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.32, issue.36, pp.12558-12569, 2012.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1618-12.2012

M. Sceniak and M. Maciver, Slow GABAa mediated synaptic transmission in rat visual cortex, BMC Neuroscience, vol.9, issue.1, pp.8-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2202-9-8
URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-8

D. Sharon and A. Grinvald, Dynamics and Constancy in Cortical Spatiotemporal Patterns of Orientation Processing, Science, vol.295, issue.5554, pp.512-515, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1065916

D. Shoham, D. Glaser, A. Arieli, T. Kenet, C. Wijnbergeb et al., Imaging Cortical Dynamics at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution with Novel Blue Voltage-Sensitive Dyes, Neuron, vol.24, issue.4, pp.791-802, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81027-2
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81027-2

E. Sigel, Mapping of the Benzodiazepine Recognition Site on GABA-A Receptors, Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, vol.2, issue.8, pp.833-839, 2002.
DOI : 10.2174/1568026023393444

D. Simons, G. Carvell, A. Hershey, and D. Bryant, Responses of barrel cortex neurons in awake rats and effects of urethane anesthesia, Experimental Brain Research, vol.91, issue.2, pp.259-272, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00231659

Y. Sit, Y. Chen, W. Geisler, R. Miikkulainen, and E. Seidemann, Complex Dynamics of V1 Population Responses Explained by a Simple Gain-Control Model, Neuron, vol.64, issue.6, pp.943-956, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.041

H. Slovin, A. Arieli, R. Hildesheim, and A. Grinvald, Long-Term Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging Reveals Cortical Dynamics in Behaving Monkeys, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.88, issue.6, pp.3421-3438, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00194.2002

Y. Verbny, E. Merriam, and M. Banks, Modulation of ??-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor???mediated Spontaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents in Auditory Cortex by Midazolam and Isoflurane, Anesthesiology, vol.102, issue.5, pp.962-969, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200505000-00015

M. Villeneuve and C. Casanova, On the use of isoflurane versus halothane in the study of visual response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.129, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00198-5

J. Vizuete, S. Pillay, K. Diba, K. Ropella, and A. Hudetz, Monosynaptic functional connectivity in cerebral cortex during wakefulness and under graded levels of anesthesia, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, vol.6, p.90, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fnint.2012.00090

E. Walbergh, R. Wills, and J. Eckhert, Plasma Concentrations of Midazolam in Children Following Intranasal Administration, Anesthesiology, vol.74, issue.2, pp.233-235, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199102000-00007

C. Weir, receptor, Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, vol.6, issue.2, pp.49-53, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/bjaceaccp/mki068

W. Wilent and D. Contreras, Synaptic Responses to Whisker Deflections in Rat Barrel Cortex as a Function of Cortical Layer and Stimulus Intensity, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.16, pp.3985-3998, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5782-03.2004

G. Wu, R. Arbuckle, B. Liu, H. Tao, and L. Zhang, Lateral Sharpening of Cortical Frequency Tuning by Approximately Balanced Inhibition, Neuron, vol.58, issue.1, pp.132-143, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.035

R. Yuste, D. Tank, and D. Kleinfeld, Functional study of the rat cortical microcircuitry with voltage- sensitive dye imaging of neocortical slices, Cerebral Cortex, vol.7, issue.6, pp.546-558, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/cercor/7.6.546