T. A. Kassim and B. R. Simoneit, Petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting and sediment transport assessed by molecular biomarker and multivariate statistical analyses in the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt, High values of ~ 7.2% were observed in the Kerkennah harbor (R111) and the Sfax- References Aboul, pp.63-73, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00102-F

A. Alebic-juretic, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments from the Rijeka Bay area, Northern Adriatic, Croatia, 1998???2006, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.62, issue.4, pp.863-869, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.035

F. Aloulou, B. Elleuch, and M. Kallel, Benthic foraminiferal assemblages as pollution proxies in the northern coast of Gabes Gulf, Tunisia, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.50, issue.2, pp.777-795, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.045

F. Aloulou, M. Kallel, M. Dammak, B. Elleuch, and A. Saliot, Even-numbered n-alkanes/n-alkenes predominance in surface sediments of Gabes Gulf in Tunisia, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.80, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s12665-009-0315-y

J. Amorri, C. Geffroy-rodier, F. Boufahja, E. Mahmoudi, P. Aïssa et al., Organic matter compounds as source indicators and tracers for marine pollution in a western Mediterranean coastal zone, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.219, issue.9, pp.1606-1616, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.12.016

C. Annicchiarico, M. Buonocore, N. Cardellicchio, D. Leo, A. Giandomenico et al., PCBs, PAHs and metal contamination and quality index in marine sediments of the Taranto Gulf, Chemistry and Ecology, vol.295, issue.sup1, pp.21-32, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/es010041a

L. Asia, S. Mazouz, M. Guiliano, P. Doumenq, and G. Mille, Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Marseille Bay (France), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.58, issue.3, pp.443-451, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.022

I. Bouloubassi, L. Méjanelle, R. Pete, J. Fillaux, A. Lorre et al., PAH transport by sinking particles in the open Mediterranean Sea: A 1 year sediment trap study, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.52, issue.5, pp.560-571, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.003

R. A. Bourbonniere and P. A. Meyers, Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.41, issue.2, pp.352-359, 1996.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1996.41.2.0352

S. Bouzid, A. Raissouni, S. Khannous, A. Arrim, I. Bouloubassi et al., Distribution and Origin of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments of Strategical Areas of the Western Moroccan Mediterranean Sea, The Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology Journal, vol.3, issue.1, pp.13-22, 2012.
DOI : 10.2174/1876397901203010013

R. C. Brändli, T. D. Bucheli, S. Ammann, A. Desaules, A. Keller et al., Critical evaluation of PAH source apportionment tools using data from the Swiss soil monitoring network, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol.84, issue.11, pp.1278-1286, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b807206j

H. Budzinski, I. Jones, J. Bellocq, C. Pierard, and P. Garrigues, Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary, Marine Chemistry, vol.58, issue.1-2, pp.85-97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00028-5

F. Charles, C. Nozais, A. M. Pruski, S. Bourgeois, L. Méjanelle et al., Ecodynamics of PAHs at a peri-urban site of the French Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Pollution, vol.171, pp.256-264, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.034

J. Chen, G. Henderson, C. C. Grimm, S. W. Lloyd, and R. A. Laine, Termites fumigate their nests with naphthalene, Nature, vol.392, issue.6676, p.558, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/33305

A. Cincinelli, T. Martellini, L. Bittoni, A. Russo, A. Gambaro et al., Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the water column of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), Journal of Marine Systems, vol.73, issue.1-2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.10.010

R. B. Clark, Marine Pollution, p.270, 1997.

M. G. Commendatore and J. L. Esteves, Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Chubut River (Patagonia, Argentina), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.48, issue.9-10, pp.910-918, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.11.015

G. C. Cripps, Problems in the identification of anthropogenic hydrocarbons against natural background levels in the Antartic, Antarctic Sci, vol.14, pp.307-312, 1989.

J. Dachs and L. Méjanelle, Organic Pollutants in Coastal Waters, Sediments, and Biota: A Relevant Driver for Ecosystems During the Anthropocene?, Estuaries and Coasts, vol.152, issue.4???5, pp.1-14, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/es962399q

R. J. De-la-torre-roche, W. Lee, and S. I. Campos-díaz, Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: Analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.163, issue.2-3, pp.946-958, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089

D. Ortenzio, F. Alcalà, and M. R. , On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, vol.6, issue.2, pp.139-148, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-6-139-2009

S. Emerson and J. I. Hedges, Processes controlling the organic carbon content of open ocean sediments, Paleoceanography, vol.1, issue.5, pp.621-634, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.232.4753.972

G. Eglinton and R. J. Hamilton, Leaf Epicuticular Waxes, Science, vol.156, issue.3780, pp.1322-1335, 1967.
DOI : 10.1126/science.156.3780.1322

E. Eljarrat, J. Caixach, J. Rivera, M. De-torres, and A. Ginebreda, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PAHs in Northwest Mediterranean Sediments (Catalonia, Spain), Environmental Science & Technology, vol.35, issue.18, pp.3589-3594, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/es010041a

J. Elloumi, W. Guermazi, H. Ayadi, A. Bouaïn, and L. Aleya, Detection of Water and Sediments Pollution of An Arid Saltern (Sfax, Tunisia) by Coupling the Distribution of Microorganisms With Hydrocarbons, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.36, issue.1-4, pp.157-171, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-3250-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485255

E. Deeb, K. Z. Said, T. O. Naggar, M. H. Shreadah, and M. A. , Distribution and Sources of Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments, Fish and Bivalves of Abu Qir Bay (Egyptian Mediterranean Sea), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.108, issue.140, pp.373-379, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(95)05026-4

E. Nemr, A. Said, T. O. Khaled, A. Sikaily, A. Abd-allah et al., The Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments Along the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.3, issue.1-3, pp.343-359, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10661-006-9231-8

E. Nemr, A. El-sadaawy, M. M. Khaled, A. Draz, and S. , Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.108, issue.40, pp.4571-4589, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00245-6

R. L. Folk and W. C. Ward, Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters, Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol.27, issue.1, pp.3-26, 1957.
DOI : 10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D

P. Garrigues, H. Budzinski, M. P. Manitz, and S. A. Wise, Pyrolytic and Petrogenic Inputs in Recent Sediments: A Definitive Signature Through Phenanthrene and Chrysene Compound Distribution, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, vol.23, issue.4, pp.275-284, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/03067318608076451

N. Ghannem, C. Azri, M. M. Serbaji, and C. Yaich, Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Coastal Zone of ''Sfax-Kerkennah'' Plateau, Tunisia. Environ. Progr. Sustain. Ener, vol.30, pp.21-233, 2011.

A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, and E. G. Stephanou, Marine organic geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea surficial sediments, Marine Chemistry, vol.68, issue.4, pp.265-282, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00082-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00170864

L. T. Gonul and F. Kucuksezgin, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from the Eastern Aegean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.34, issue.1, pp.31-41, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00136-0

J. Grimalt, J. Albaiges, A. Saad, H. T. Douabul, and A. A. , n-Alkane distributions in surface sediments from the Arabian Gulf, Naturwissenschaften, vol.37, issue.1, pp.35-37, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00405327

R. Guerra, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Trace Metals in Sediments from a Coastal Lagoon (Northern Adriatic, Italy) Water Air Soil Pollut, pp.85-98, 2012.

C. Guigue, M. Tedetti, S. Giorgi, and M. Goutx, Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in the surface microlayer and subsurface water from the urban coastal marine area off Marseilles, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.62, issue.12, pp.2741-2752, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708796

R. R. Harji, A. Yvenat, and N. B. Bhosle, Sources of hydrocarbons in sediments of the Mandovi estuary and the Marmugoa harbour, west coast of India, Environment International, vol.34, issue.7, pp.959-965, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.006

S. Illou, Impact des rejets telluriques d'origines domestiques et industrielles sur les environnements côtiers : cas du littoral nord de la ville de Sfax (Tunisie), 1999.

Y. Jedoui, Etude hydrologique et sédimentologique d'une lagune en domaine méditerranéen: Le bahiret el Boughrara (Tunisie), 0190.

F. Kanzari, A. D. Syakti, L. Asia, L. Malleret, G. Mille et al., Aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine, and organophosphorous pesticides in surface sediments from the Arc river and the Berre lagoon, France, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.78, issue.1, pp.559-576, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.007

V. Kapsimalis, I. P. Panagiotopoulos, P. Talagani, I. Hatzianestis, H. Kaberi et al., Organic contamination of surface sediments in the metropolitan coastal zone of Athens, Greece: Sources, degree, and ecological risk, 2014.

R. Katlane, J. Bergès, G. Beltrando, and F. Zargouni, Recent dynamics of submerged shoals and channels aroud the Kerkennah archipelago (Tunisia) from LANDSAT TM and MODIS, Proceedings for the 2nd Inter. Conf. Water resources and wetlands, pp.11-13, 2014.

A. Katsoyiannis and K. Breivik, Model-based evaluation of the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool, Environmental Pollution, vol.184, pp.488-494, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.028

A. Katsoyiannis, E. Terzi, and Q. Cai, On the use of PAH molecular diagnostic ratios in sewage sludge for the understanding of the PAH sources. Is this use appropriate?, Chemosphere, vol.69, issue.8, pp.1337-1339, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.084

L. Ke, Y. S. Wong, and N. F. Tam, Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mangrove Sediments: Comparison of Two Internal Standard Surrogate Methods and Quality-Control Procedures, International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol.4, issue.9, pp.661-675, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00362-3

M. J. Kennish, Poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Ecology of estuaries: anthropogenic effects. Boca Raton, pp.133-181, 1992.

K. Kessabi, A. Annabi, A. I. Hassine, I. Bazin, W. Mnif et al., Possible chemical causes of skeletal deformities in natural populations of Aphanius fasciatus collected from the Tunisian coast, Chemosphere, vol.90, issue.11, pp.2683-2689, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.047

M. A. Khairy, M. Kolb, A. R. Mostafa, A. El-fiky, and M. Bahadir, Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Mediterranean semi-enclosed basin affected by human activities (Abu Qir Bay, Egypt), Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.170, issue.1, pp.389-397, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.084

F. Kucuksezgin, I. Pazi, and L. T. Gonul, Marine organic pollutants of the Eastern Aegean: Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.64, issue.11, pp.2569-2575, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.019

F. Kucuksezgin, I. Pazi, L. T. Gonul, and M. Duman, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Cilician Basin shelf sediments (NE Mediterranean), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.71, issue.1-2, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.026

L. Rocca, C. Conti, L. Crebelli, R. Crochi, B. Iacovella et al., PAH Content and Mutagenicity of Marine Sediments from the Venice Lagoon, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.33, issue.3, pp.236-245, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.1996.0030

J. S. Leventhal, An interpretation of carbon and sulfur relationships in Black Sea sediments as indicators of environments of deposition, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.1, pp.133-137, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90097-2

G. Li, X. Xia, Z. Yang, R. Wang, and N. Voulvoulis, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China, Environmental Pollution, vol.144, issue.3, pp.985-993, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.047

E. Lipiatou and A. Saliot, Fluxes and transport of anthropogenic and natural polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the western Mediterranean Sea, Marine Chemistry, vol.32, issue.1, pp.51-71, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4203(91)90025-R

E. Lipiatou and A. Saliot, Hydrocarbon contamination of the Rhone delta and western Mediterranean, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.22, issue.6, pp.297-304, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90808-6

Y. Liu, C. N. Ling, J. F. Zhao, Q. H. Huang, Z. L. Zhu et al., Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China, Environmental Pollution, vol.154, issue.2, pp.298-305, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.020

M. A. Mazurek and B. R. Simoneit, Characterization of biogenic and petroleum-derived organic matter in aerosols over remote rural and urban areas, 1984.

P. A. Meyers, Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter, Chemical Geology, vol.114, issue.3-4, pp.289-302, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0

G. Mille, L. Asia, M. Guiliano, L. Malleret, and P. Doumenq, Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Mediterranean sea (Gulf of Fos area, France), Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.54, issue.5, pp.566-575, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.009

C. L. Monoley and J. G. Field, Modelling carbon and nitrogen flows in a microbial plankton community, Protozoa and their role in marine processes, pp.443-474, 1991.

P. J. Muller, ratios in Pacific deep-sea sediments: Effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.41, issue.6, pp.765-776, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90047-3

P. J. Muller and E. Stress, Productivity, sedimentation rate, and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans???I. Organic carbon preservation, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.26, issue.12, pp.1347-1362, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90003-7

N. Mzoughi and L. Chouba, Distribution and partitioning of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in harbours of the West coastal of the Gulf of Tunis (Tunisia), Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol.2, issue.244, pp.689-698, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S1463-4988(99)00030-5

J. M. Neff, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment sources, fates and biological effects, p.262, 1979.

G. Ne?er, A. Kontas, D. Unsalan, O. Altay, E. Dar?lmaz et al., Polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons pollution at the coast of Alia??a (Turkey) ship recycling zone, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1055-1059, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.02.019

M. Notar, H. Leskov?ek, and J. Faganeli, Composition, Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.42, issue.1, pp.36-44, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00092-8

D. Papadopoulou and C. Samara, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and LUMIStox?? solvent extract toxicity of marine sediments in the North Aegean Sea, Greece, Environmental Toxicology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.556-566, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00360-7

C. Parinos, A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, R. Pedrosa-pàmies, I. Hatzianestis et al., Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, vol.10, issue.9, pp.6069-6089, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00914330

B. Pavoni, M. Mecozzi, D. Berto, A. Ausili, E. Romano et al., Environmental pollutants and organic carbon content in sediments from an area of the Moroccan Mediterranean Coast, Toxicol. Environ. Chem, vol.84, pp.53-67, 2003.

K. E. Peters, C. C. Watters, and J. W. Moldowen, The Biomarker Guide, 2005.

F. G. Prahl and R. Carpenter, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-phase associations in Washington coastal sediment, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.6, pp.1013-1023, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90231-4

J. W. Readman, G. Fillmann, I. Tolosa, J. Bartocci, J. Villeneuve et al., Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.44, issue.1, pp.48-62, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00189-8

G. Rieley, R. J. Collier, D. M. Jones, and G. Eglinton, The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake, UK-I: source correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record, 1991.

P. Roose, U. A. Brinkman, and . Th, Monitoring organic microcontaminants in the marine environment: principles, programmes and progress, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol.24, issue.11, pp.897-926, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trac.2005.10.007

N. Sadouni-barbedette, Contribution à l'étude de la biogéochimie de la mer Noire nord-ouest: approche par les biomarqueurs, Thèse de l'Université Pierre et Marie Curie, p.235, 2002.

C. Sammari, V. G. Koutitonsky, and M. Moussa, Sea level variability and tidal resonance in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, Continental Shelf Research, vol.26, issue.3, pp.338-350, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csr.2005.11.006

M. N. Serbaji, Utilisation d'un S.I.G. multi-sources pour la compréhension et la gestion intégrée de l'écosystème côtier de la région de Sfax (Tunisie), p.227, 2000.

C. D. Simpson, A. A. Mosi, W. R. Cullen, and K. J. Reimer, Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor, Canada, Science of The Total Environment, vol.181, issue.3, pp.265-278, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(95)05026-4

H. H. Soclo, P. H. Garrigues, and M. Ewald, Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coastal Marine Sediments: Case Studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) Areas, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.40, issue.5, pp.387-396, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00200-3

S. Sporstol, N. Gjos, R. G. Lichtenthaler, K. O. Gustaren, K. Urdal et al., Source identification of aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments using GCrMS, Environ. Sci, 1983.

M. Sprovieri, M. L. Feo, L. Prevedello, D. S. Manta, S. Sammartino et al., Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Naples harbour (southern Italy), Chemosphere, vol.67, issue.5, pp.998-1009, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.055

H. L. Ten-haven, Applications and limitations of Mango's light hydrocarbon parameters in petroleum correlation studies, Organic Geochemistry, vol.24, issue.10-11, pp.957-976, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00091-5

M. The and . Group, Marine ecosystems responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.91, pp.97-166, 2011.

M. Tobiszewski and J. Namie?nik, PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environmental Pollution, vol.162, pp.110-119, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025

M. Tolosa, O. M. Bayona, and O. Albaigés, Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sulfur/Oxygen Derivatives in Northwestern Mediterranean Sediments:?? Spatial and Temporal Variability, Fluxes, and Budgets, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.30, issue.8, pp.2495-2503, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/es950647x

L. Tolun, D. Martens, O. S. Okay, and K. W. Schramm, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal sediments of the Izmit Bay (Marmara Sea): Case studies before and after the Izmit Earthquake, Environment International, vol.32, issue.6, pp.758-765, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.014

S. Trabelsi and M. R. Driss, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in superficial coastal sediments from Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.50, issue.3, pp.344-359, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.031

C. Troupin, A. Barth, D. Sirjacobs, M. Ouberdous, J. Brankart et al., Generation of analysis and consistent error fields using the Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (Diva) Ocean Model, pp.52-53, 2012.

M. Tsapakis, E. Dakanali, E. G. Stephanou, and I. Karakassis, PAHs and n-alkanes in Mediterranean coastal marine sediments: aquaculture as a significant point source, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol.377, issue.4, pp.958-963, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620160824

N. Venturini, L. R. Tommasi, M. C. Bicego, and C. C. Martins, Characterization of the Benthic Environment of a Coastal Area Adjacent to an Oil Refinery, Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, vol.52, pp.39-50, 2004.

J. Viguri, J. Verde, and A. Irabien, Environmental assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Santander Bay, Northern Spain, Chemosphere, vol.48, issue.2, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00105-4

J. K. Volkman, D. G. Holdsworth, G. P. Neil, and H. J. Bavor-jr, Identification of natural, anthropogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments, Science of The Total Environment, vol.112, issue.2-3, pp.203-219, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90188-X

Z. Wang, M. Fingas, M. Landriault, L. Sigouin, Y. Feng et al., Using systematic and comparative analytical data to identify the source of an unknown oil on contaminated birds, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.775, issue.1-2, pp.251-265, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00298-7

Z. Wang, M. Fingas, and D. S. Page, Oil spill identification, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.843, issue.1-2, pp.369-411, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00120-X

W. Wilcke, M. Krauss, and W. Amelung, Carbon Isotope Signature of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):?? Evidence for Different Sources in Tropical and Temperate Environments?, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.36, issue.16, pp.3530-3535, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/es020032h

G. Witt and E. Trost, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Baltic Sea and of the German coastal waters, Chemosphere, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1603-1614, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00387-7

O. Wurl and J. P. Obbard, A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML): a unique habitat for marine organisms, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.48, issue.11-12, pp.1016-1030, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.016

X. Xia and R. Wang, EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PARTICLE SIZE ON POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION: IMPORTANCE OF THE SEDIMENT???WATER INTERFACE, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.27, issue.1, pp.119-125, 2008.
DOI : 10.1897/06-643.1

Y. Yu, Y. Li, Z. Guo, and H. Zou, Abstract, Archives of Environmental Protection, vol.38, issue.1, pp.49-55, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.006

M. B. Yunker, R. W. Macdonald, R. Vingarzan, R. H. Mitchell, D. Goyette et al., PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Organic Geochemistry, vol.33, issue.4, pp.489-515, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5

H. Zaghden, M. Kallel, B. Elleuch, J. Oudot, and A. Saliot, Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Sfax, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea, Marine Chemistry, vol.105, issue.1-2, pp.70-89, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.12.016

H. Zaghden, M. Kallel, B. Elleuch, J. Oudot, A. Saliot et al., Evaluation of hydrocarbon pollution in marine sediments of Sfax coastal areas from the Gabes Gulf of Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.38, issue.4, pp.12665-12678, 1007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00470-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496491

H. Zaghden, A. Louati, M. Kallel, B. Elleuch, A. Saliot et al., Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Sfax coastal zone, (Tunisia) Mediterranean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.50, issue.11, pp.1287-1294, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.045

W. Zhang, S. Zhang, C. Wan, D. Yue, Y. Ye et al., Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall, Environmental Pollution, vol.153, issue.3, pp.594-601, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.004

I. Zrafi-nouira, N. M. Safi, R. Bahri, N. Mzoughi, A. Aissi et al., Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around a Petroleum Refinery Rejection Area in Jarzouna-Bizerte (Coastal Tunisia). Soil and Sediment Contamination, An International Journal, vol.19, pp.292-306, 2010.

I. Zrafi, L. Hizem, H. Chalghmi, A. Ghrabi, M. Rouabhia et al., Aliphatic and Aromatic Biomarkers for Petroleum Hydrocarbon Investigation in Marine Sediment, Journal of Petroleum Science Research, vol.2, issue.4, pp.145-155, 2013.
DOI : 10.14355/jpsr.2013.0204.01