H. F. Mcfarland and R. Martin, Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity, Nat Immunol, vol.8, pp.913-919, 2007.

H. Park, A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17, Nat Immunol, vol.6, pp.1133-1141, 2005.

C. L. Langrish, IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation, J Exp Med, vol.201, pp.233-240, 2005.

M. J. Mcgeachy, The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo, Nat Immunol, vol.10, pp.314-324, 2009.

D. J. Cua, Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain, Nature, vol.421, pp.744-748, 2003.

C. Schlager, Effector T-cell trafficking between the leptomeninges and the cerebrospinal fluid, Nature, vol.530, pp.349-353, 2016.

E. Bettelli, Loss of T-bet, but not STAT1, prevents the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Exp Med, vol.200, pp.79-87, 2004.

A. E. Lovett-racke, Silencing T-bet defines a critical role in the differentiation of autoreactive T lymphocytes, Immunity, vol.21, pp.719-731, 2004.

V. Lazarevic, L. H. Glimcher, and G. M. Lord, T-bet: a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.13, pp.777-789, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nri3536

V. Lazarevic and L. H. Glimcher, T-bet in disease, Nat Immunol, vol.12, pp.597-606, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.2059

Y. Lee, Induction and molecular signature of pathogenic TH17 cells, Nat Immunol, vol.13, pp.991-999, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/ni.2416

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3459594?pdf=render

Y. Wang, The transcription factors T-bet and Runx are required for the ontogeny of pathogenic interferon-gamma-producing T helper 17 cells, Immunity, vol.40, pp.355-366, 2014.

Y. Yang, T-bet is essential for encephalitogenicity of both Th1 and Th17 cells, J Exp Med, vol.206, pp.1549-1564, 2009.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.20082584

URL : http://jem.rupress.org/content/206/7/1549.full.pdf

K. Ghoreschi, Generation of pathogenic T(H)17 cells in the absence of TGF-beta signalling, Nature, vol.467, pp.967-971, 2010.

F. Odoardi, T cells become licensed in the lung to enter the central nervous system, Nature, vol.488, pp.675-679, 2012.

A. Flugel, Migratory activity and functional changes of green fluorescent effector cells before and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Immunity, vol.14, pp.547-560, 2001.

J. Zhu, The transcription factor T-bet is induced by multiple pathways and prevents an endogenous Th2 cell program during Th1 cell responses, Immunity, vol.37, pp.660-673, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.007

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.007

M. Greter, Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, Nat Med, vol.11, pp.328-334, 2005.

P. Kivisakk, Localizing central nervous system immune surveillance: meningeal antigenpresenting cells activate T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Ann Neurol, vol.65, pp.457-469, 2009.

E. J. Mcmahon, S. L. Bailey, C. V. Castenada, H. Waldner, and S. D. Miller, Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis, Nat Med, vol.11, pp.335-339, 2005.

A. Fuchs, Intraepithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells are a unique subset of IL-12-and IL-15responsive IFN-gamma-producing cells, Immunity, vol.38, pp.769-781, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.010

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.010

S. M. Gordon, The transcription factors T-bet and Eomes control key checkpoints of natural killer cell maturation, Immunity, vol.36, pp.55-67, 2012.

C. S. Klose, Differentiation of type 1 ILCs from a common progenitor to all helper-like innate lymphoid cell lineages, Cell, vol.157, pp.340-356, 2014.

C. S. Klose, A T-bet gradient controls the fate and function of CCR6-RORgammat+ innate lymphoid cells, Nature, vol.494, pp.261-265, 2013.

L. C. Rankin, The transcription factor T-bet is essential for the development of NKp46+ innate lymphocytes via the Notch pathway, Nat Immunol, vol.14, pp.389-395, 2013.

G. Sciume, Distinct requirements for T-bet in gut innate lymphoid cells, J Exp Med, vol.209, pp.2331-2338, 2012.

M. J. Townsend, T-bet regulates the terminal maturation and homeostasis of NK and Valpha14i NKT cells, Immunity, vol.20, pp.477-494, 2004.

B. Morandi, Role of natural killer cells in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis, Pharmacol Res, vol.57, pp.1-5, 2008.

R. Winkler-pickett, In vivo regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by NK cells: alteration of primary adaptive responses, J Immunol, vol.180, pp.4495-4506, 2008.

Q. Liu, Neural stem cells sustain natural killer cells that dictate recovery from brain inflammation, Nat Neurosci, vol.19, pp.243-252, 2016.

B. Bielekova, Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.103, pp.5941-5946, 2006.

J. Hao, Central nervous system (CNS)-resident natural killer cells suppress Th17 responses and CNS autoimmune pathology, J Exp Med, vol.207, pp.1907-1921, 2010.

O. Pikovskaya, Cutting Edge: Eomesodermin Is Sufficient To Direct Type 1 Innate Lymphocyte Development into the Conventional NK Lineage, J Immunol, vol.196, pp.1449-1454, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01438533

B. Becher, S. Spath, and J. Goverman, Cytokine networks in neuroinflammation, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.17, pp.49-59, 2017.

V. Rothhammer, Th17 lymphocytes traffic to the central nervous system independently of alpha4 integrin expression during EAE, J Exp Med, vol.208, pp.2465-2476, 2011.

A. Reboldi, C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE, Nat Immunol, vol.10, pp.514-523, 2009.

M. Bauer, Beta1 integrins differentially control extravasation of inflammatory cell subsets into the CNS during autoimmunity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.106, pp.1920-1925, 2009.

L. S. Dungan, N. C. Mcguinness, L. Boon, M. A. Lynch, and K. H. Mills, Innate IFN-gamma promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for NK cells and M1 macrophages, Eur J Immunol, vol.44, pp.2903-2917, 2014.

J. Kipnis, Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system, Science, vol.353, pp.766-771, 2016.

J. Song, Focal MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity at the blood-brain barrier promotes chemokineinduced leukocyte migration, Cell Rep, vol.10, pp.1040-1054, 2015.

E. Y. Chiang, Targeted depletion of lymphotoxin-alpha-expressing TH1 and TH17 cells inhibits autoimmune disease, Nat Med, vol.15, pp.766-773, 2009.

Y. Chung, Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling, Immunity, vol.30, pp.576-587, 2009.

N. B. Pikor, Integration of Th17-and Lymphotoxin-Derived Signals Initiates MeningealResident Stromal Cell Remodeling to Propagate Neuroinflammation, Immunity, vol.43, pp.1160-1173, 2015.

L. Codarri, RORgammat drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation, Nat Immunol, vol.12, pp.560-567, 2011.

M. El-behi, The encephalitogenicity of T(H)17 cells is dependent on IL-1-and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF, Nat Immunol, vol.12, pp.568-575, 2011.

C. N. Jenne, T-bet-dependent S1P5 expression in NK cells promotes egress from lymph nodes and bone marrow, J Exp Med, vol.206, pp.2469-2481, 2009.

M. J. Helden, Terminal NK cell maturation is controlled by concerted actions of T-bet and Zeb2 and is essential for melanoma rejection, J Exp Med, vol.212, pp.2015-2025, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01911123

E. Narni-mancinelli, Fate mapping analysis of lymphoid cells expressing the NKp46 cell surface receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.108, pp.18324-18329, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00672199

A. M. Intlekofer, Anomalous type 17 response to viral infection by CD8+ T cells lacking T-bet and eomesodermin, Science, vol.321, pp.408-411, 2008.

S. Gossa, D. Nayak, B. H. Zinselmeyer, and D. B. Mcgavern, Development of an immunologically tolerated combination of fluorescent proteins for in vivo two-photon imaging, Sci Rep, vol.4, p.6664, 2014.

, Immune cell subsets were gated on live CD45 + cells, then further identified as follows: T cells, MHCII ? CD3 + ; dendritic cells, CD3 ? MHCII + CD11c + ; NK1.1 + innate cells, CD3 ? MHCII ? NK1.1 + ; B cells, CD3 ? MHCII + B220 + ; inflammatory monocytes, CD3 ? CD11b + Ly6C hi Ly6G ? ; neutrophils, CD3 ? CD11b + Ly6C int Ly6G +. (d) Quantitation by flow cytometry of T-bet-expressing CD45 + immune cells, T cells, dendritic cells or NK1.1 + innate cells from the CNS of T-bet ZsGreen reporter mice immunized with MOG 35-55 /CFA and pertussis toxin. CNS-infiltrating cells were harvested at the onset (day 7) or peak of EAE disease (day 13-14 post-immunization) and stained for lineage-specific markers as in (c). Data in (b-d) of stimulation, Stimulated cells were stained with viability dye, antibodies to lineage markers (TCR?, TCR??, B220, Gr1) and antiCD45, anti-NKp46, anti-IL-7R?, anti-CD49b (DX5), anti-ROR?t, anti-IL-17A and antiIFN-?. Production of IL-17A and IFN-? by meningeal NK cells, p.1

. Lin, ? CD45 + NKp46 + ROR?t ? DX5 ?/lo IL-7R? + ) and NKp46 + ILC3

. Lin, The box-and-whiskers plot depict the frequency of NKp46 + ILCs within Lin ? CD45 + population in the meninges of Tbx21 f/f or Tbx21 f/f NKp46-Cre + mice. (c) Absolute numbers of NK cells, ILC1 and NKp46 + ILC3 and IFN-?-producing NK cells, ILC1 and NKp46 + ILC3 (gated as in a) in the meninges of Tbx21 f/f or Tbx21 f/f NKp46-Cre + mice. (d-e) Mean clinical scores, percent disease incidence and maximum clinical score of Eomes f/f or Eomes f/f NKp46-Cre + mice following adoptive, ? CD45 + NKp46 + ROR?t + IL-7R? + ) was measured by intracellular cytokine staining. (b)

*. , 001 (two-tailed Student's t-test (b,c,e) or two-way ANOVA (d)). Data are combined from two independent experiments (b,c; n = 9, 10 mice per group) or three independent experiments