A. Abdul-wahab, W. Qasim, and J. A. Mcgrath, Gene therapies for inherited skin disorders, Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg, vol.33, issue.2, pp.83-90, 2014.

A. D. Bins, A. Jorritsma, M. C. Wolkers, C. F. Hung, T. C. Wu et al., A rapid and potent DNA vaccination strategy defined by in vivo monitoring of antigen expression, Nat. Med, vol.11, pp.899-904, 2005.

J. C. Birchall, S. A. Coulman, M. Pearton, C. Allender, K. Brain et al., Cutaneous DNA delivery and gene expression in ex vivo human skin explants via wet-etch microfabricated microneedles, J. Drug Target, vol.13, issue.7, pp.415-442, 2005.

J. C. Birchall, S. A. Coulman, A. Anstey, C. Gateley, H. Sweetland et al., Cutaneous gene expression of plasmid DNA in excised human skin following delivery via microchannels created by radio frequency ablation, Int. J. Pharm, vol.312, issue.1-2, pp.15-23, 2006.

B. Bonamassa, L. Hai, and D. Liu, Hydrodynamic gene delivery and its applications in pharmaceutical research, Pharm. Res, vol.28, issue.4, pp.694-701, 2011.

P. Boukamp, R. T. Petrussevska, D. Breitkreutz, J. Hornung, A. Markham et al., Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line, J. Cell Biol, vol.106, pp.761-771, 1988.

H. Boulaiz, J. A. Marchal, J. Prados, C. Melguizo, and A. Aránega, Non-viral and viral vectors for gene therapy, Cell Mol. Biol, vol.2, issue.51, pp.3-22, 2005.

R. M. Brand and P. L. Iversen, Iontophoretic delivery of atelomeric oligonucleotide, Pharm. Res, vol.13, pp.851-854, 1996.

K. E. Broderick, X. Shen, J. Soderholm, F. Lin, J. Mccoy et al., Prototype development and preclinical immunogenicity analysis of a novel minimally invasive electroporation device, Mol. Ther, vol.3, pp.249-255, 2011.

R. Cartier, S. V. Ren, W. Walther, U. Stein, A. Lewis et al., In vivo gene transfer by low-volume jet injection, Anal. Biochem, vol.282, pp.262-265, 2000.

F. Chabri, K. Bouris, T. Jones, D. Barrow, A. Hanna et al., Microfabricated silicon microneedles for nonviral cutaneous gene delivery, Br. J. Dermatol, vol.150, issue.5, pp.869-877, 2004.

S. A. Coulman, D. Barrow, A. Anstey, C. Gateley, A. Morrissey et al., Minimally invasive cutaneous delivery of macromolecules and plasmid DNA via microneedles, Curr. Drug Deliv, vol.3, issue.1, pp.65-75, 2006.

L. Daugimont, N. Baron, G. Vandermeulen, N. Pavselj, D. Miklavcic et al., Hollow microneedle arrays for intradermal drug delivery and DNA electroporation, J. Membr. Biol, vol.236, pp.117-125, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00232-010-9283-0

P. C. Demuth, Y. Min, B. Huang, J. A. Kramer, A. D. Miller et al., Polymer multilayer tattooing for enhanced DNA vaccination, Nat. Mater, vol.12, issue.4, pp.367-376, 2013.

D. A. Dean, D. D. Strong, and W. E. Zimmer, Nuclear entry of nonviral vectors, Gene Ther, vol.12, issue.11, pp.881-890, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3302534

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/3302534.pdf

J. J. Drabick, J. Glasspool-malone, A. King, and R. W. Malone, Cutaneous transfection and immune responses to intradermal nucleic acid vaccination are significantly enhanced by in vivo electropermeabilization, Mol. Ther, vol.3, pp.249-255, 2001.

V. Escriou, M. Carrière, F. Bussone, P. Wils, and D. Scherman, Critical assessment of the nuclear import of plasmid during cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer, J. Gene Med, vol.3, issue.2, pp.179-187, 2001.

A. S. Fargnoli, M. G. Katz, R. D. Williams, K. B. Margulies, and C. R. Bridges, A needleless liquid jet injection delivery method for cardiac gene therapy: a comparative evaluation versus standard routes of delivery reveals enhanced therapeutic retention and cardiac specific gene expression, J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res, vol.7, issue.8, pp.756-767, 2014.

A. S. Fargnoli, M. G. Katz, R. D. Williams, A. P. Kendle, N. Steuerwald et al., Liquid jet delivery method featuring S100A1 gene therapy in the rodent model following acute myocardial infarction, Gene Ther, vol.23, pp.151-157, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/gt.2015.100

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4742412?pdf=render

P. A. Furth, A. Shamay, and L. Henninghausen, Gene transfer into mammalian cells by jet injection, Hybridoma, vol.14, pp.149-152, 1995.

A. H. Fischer, K. A. Jacobson, J. Rose, and R. Zeller, Haematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections, CSH Protoc, 2008.
DOI : 10.1101/pdb.prot4986

H. S. Gill, J. Soderholm, M. R. Prausnitz, and M. Sallberg, Cutaneous vaccination using microneedles coated with hepatitis C DNA vaccine, Gene Ther, vol.17, issue.6, pp.811-814, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/gt.2010.22

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/gt201022.pdf

E. González-gonzález, H. Ra, R. Spitler, P. Hickerson, C. H. Contag et al., Increased interstitial pressure improves nucleic acid delivery to skin enabling a comparative analysis of constitutive promoters, Gene Ther, vol.17, pp.1270-1278, 2010.

E. González-gonzález, Y. C. Kim, T. J. Speaker, R. P. Hickerson, R. Spitler et al., Visualization of plasmid delivery to keratinocytes in mouse and human epidermis, Sci. Rep, vol.1, p.158, 2011.

S. Guo, A. Donate, G. Basu, C. Lundberg, L. Heller et al., Electro-gene transfer to skin using a noninvasive multielectrode array, J. Control. Release, vol.151, pp.256-262, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.014

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3101286?pdf=render

J. Gupta, E. I. Felner, and M. R. Prausnitz, Minimally invasive insulin delivery in subjects with type 1 diabetes using hollow microneedles, Diabetes Technol. Ther, vol.11, issue.6, pp.329-337, 2009.
DOI : 10.1089/dia.2008.0103

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779563

J. Gupta, D. D. Denson, E. I. Felner, and M. R. Prausnitz, Rapid local anesthesia in humans using minimally invasive MNs, Clin. J. Pain, vol.28, issue.2, pp.129-135, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/ajp.0b013e318225dbe9

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3200482?pdf=render

I. R. Hart and R. G. Vile, Targeted therapy for malignant melanoma, Curr. Opin. Oncol, vol.6, pp.221-225, 1994.

C. H. He, Y. Tabata, and J. Q. Gao, Non-viral gene delivery carrier and its three-dimensional transfection system, Int. J. Pharm, vol.386, pp.232-242, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.006

U. R. Hengge, E. F. Chan, R. A. Foster, P. S. Walker, and J. C. Vogel, Cytokine gene expression in epidermis with biological effects following injection of naked DNA, Nat. Genet, vol.10, pp.161-166, 1995.

U. R. Hengge, P. S. Walker, and J. C. Vogel, Expression of naked DNA in human, pig, and mouse skin, J. Clin. Invest, vol.97, pp.2911-2916, 1996.

U. R. Hengge, W. Pfützner, M. Williams, M. Goos, and J. C. Vogel, Efficient expression of naked plasmid DNA in mucosal epithelium: prospective for the treatment of skin lesions, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.111, pp.605-608, 1998.

J. L. Howarth, Y. B. Lee, and J. B. Uney, Using viral vectors as gene transfer tools (Cell Biology and Toxicology Special Issue: ETCS-UK 1 day meeting on genetic manipulation of cells), Cell Biol. Toxicol, vol.26, issue.1, pp.1-20, 2010.

D. Ibraheem, A. Elaissari, and H. Fessi, Gene therapy and DNA delivery systems, Int. J. Pharm, vol.459, pp.70-83, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.041

Y. C. Kim and M. Prausnitz, Enabling skin vaccination using new delivery technologies, Drug Deliv. Transl. Res, vol.1, pp.7-12, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s13346-010-0005-z

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3143039?pdf=render

Y. C. Kim, D. G. Yoo, R. W. Compans, S. M. Kang, and M. R. Prausnitz, Cross-protection by coimmunization with influenza hemagglutinin DNA and inactivated virus vaccine using coated microneedles, J. Control. Release, vol.172, issue.2, pp.579-588, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.016

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3815987?pdf=render

N. W. Kim, M. S. Lee, K. R. Kim, J. E. Lee, K. Lee et al., Polyplex-releasing microneedles for enhanced cutaneous delivery of DNA vaccine, J. Control. Release, vol.10, issue.179, pp.11-17, 2014.

T. M. Klein, E. D. Wolf, R. Wu, and J. C. Sanford, High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells, Nature, vol.327, pp.70-73, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/327070a0

A. Kumar, P. Wonganan, M. A. Sandoval, X. Li, S. Zhu et al., Microneedle-mediated transcutaneous immunization with plasmid DNA coated on cationic PLGA nanoparticles, J. Control. Release, vol.163, issue.2, pp.230-239, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.011

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3478475?pdf=render

M. A. Kutzler and D. B. Weiner, DNA vaccines: ready for prime time?, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.9, pp.776-788, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg2432

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4317294?pdf=render

Y. Levin, E. Kochba, and R. Kenney, Clinical evaluation of a novel microneedle device for intradermal delivery of an influenza vaccine: are all delivery methods the same?, Vaccine, vol.32, issue.34, pp.4249-4252, 2014.

Y. Levin, E. Kochba, I. Hung, and R. Kenney, Intradermal vaccination using the novel microneedle device MicronJet600: past, present, and future, Hum. Vaccin. Immunother, vol.11, issue.4, pp.991-997, 2015.
DOI : 10.1080/21645515.2015.1010871

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4514308?pdf=render

S. Li and L. Huang, Nonviral gene therapy: promises and challenges, Gene Ther, vol.7, issue.1, pp.31-34, 2000.

F. Liu, Y. Song, and D. Liu, Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA, Gene Ther, vol.6, pp.1258-1266, 1999.

H. Lv, S. Zhang, B. Wang, S. Cui, and J. Yan, Toxicity of cationic lipids and cationic polymers in gene delivery, J. Control. Release, vol.114, issue.1, pp.100-109, 2006.

I. W. Mattaj and L. Englmeier, Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase, Annu. Rev. Biochem, vol.67, pp.265-306, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.265

URL : http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.265

J. Mccaffrey, R. F. Donnelly, and H. O. Mccarthy, Microneedles: an innovative platform for gene delivery, Drug Deliv. Transl. Res, vol.5, issue.4, pp.424-437, 2015.

J. M. Meacham, K. Durvasula, F. L. Degertekin, and A. G. Fedorov, Physical methods for intracellular delivery: practical aspects from laboratory use to industrial-scale processing, J. Lab Autom, vol.19, issue.1, pp.1-18, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/2211068213494388

URL : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2211068213494388

J. A. Mikszta, J. B. Alarcon, J. M. Brittingham, D. E. Sutter, R. J. Pettis et al., Improved genetic immunization via micromechanical disruption of skin-barrier function and targeted epidermal delivery, Nat. Med, vol.8, issue.4, pp.415-419, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0402-415

M. A. Miller and E. Pisani, The cost of unsafe injections, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.77, issue.10, pp.808-811, 1999.

F. Mingozzi and K. A. High, Immune responses to AAV vectors: overcoming barriers to successful gene therapy, Blood, vol.122, issue.1, pp.23-36, 2013.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2013-01-306647

URL : http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/1/23.full.pdf

I. Mortimer, P. Tam, I. Maclachlan, R. W. Graham, E. G. Saravolac et al., Cationic lipid-mediated transfection of cells in culture requires mitotic activity, Gene Ther, vol.6, issue.3, pp.403-411, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3300837

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/3300837.pdf

N. Nayerossadat, T. Maedeh, and P. A. Ali, Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery, Adv. Biomed. Res, vol.1, p.27, 2012.

C. M. Newman and T. Bettinger, Gene therapy progress and prospects: ultrasound for gene transfer, Gene Ther, vol.14, issue.6, pp.465-475, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3302925

URL : http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v14/n6/pdf/3302925a.pdf

K. W. Ng, M. Pearton, S. Coulman, A. Anstey, . Ch et al., Development of an ex vivo human skin model for intradermal vaccination: tissue viability and Langerhans cell behavior, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.43, pp.5948-5955, 2009.

C. Nicolau and C. Sene, Liposome-mediated DNA transfer in eukaryotic cells. Dependence of the transfer efficiency upon the type of liposomes used and the host cell cycle stage, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.721, issue.2, pp.185-190, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90067-2

J. J. Norman, S. Choi, N. T. Tong, A. R. Aiyar, S. R. Patel et al., Hollow MNs for intradermal injection fabricated by sacrificial micromolding and selective electrodeposition, Biomed. Microdevices, vol.15, issue.2, pp.203-210, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10544-012-9717-9

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3572334?pdf=render

C. O'mahony, Structural characterization and in-vivo reliability evaluation of silicon microneedles, Biomed. Microdevices, vol.16, issue.3, pp.333-343, 2014.

K. Oosterhuis, J. H. Van-den-berg, T. N. Schumacher, and J. B. Haanen, DNA vaccines and intradermal vaccination by DNA tattooing, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.351, pp.221-250, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/82_2010_117

M. Pearton, C. Allender, K. Brain, A. Anstey, C. Gateley et al., Gene delivery to the epidermal cells of human skin explants using microfabricated microneedles and hydrogel formulations, Pharm. Res, vol.25, issue.2, pp.407-416, 2008.

M. Pearton, V. Saller, S. A. Coulman, C. Gateley, A. V. Anstey et al., Microneedle delivery of plasmid DNA to living human skin: formulation coating, skin insertion and gene expression, J. Control. Release, vol.160, pp.561-569, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.005

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3390019?pdf=render

H. L. Robinson, DNA vaccines: basic mechanism and immune responses (review), Int. J. Mol. Med, vol.4, issue.5, pp.549-555, 1999.
DOI : 10.3892/ijmm.4.5.549

A. K. Roos, F. Eriksson, J. A. Timmons, J. Gerhardt, U. Nyman et al., Skin electroporation: effects on transgene expression, DNA persistence and local tissue environment, PLoS One, vol.4, issue.9, p.7226, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007226

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007226&type=printable

N. Roxhed, P. Griss, and G. Stemme, Membrane-sealed hollow MNs and related administration schemes for transdermal drug delivery, Biomed. Microdevices, vol.10, pp.271-279, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10544-007-9133-8

D. Sawamura, S. Ina, K. Itai, X. Mex, A. Kon et al., In vivo gene introduction into keratinocytes using jet injection, Gene Ther, vol.6, pp.1785-1787, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3301002

URL : https://www.nature.com/articles/3301002.pdf

J. M. Song, Y. C. Kim, E. O. Compans, M. R. Prausnitz, and S. M. Kang, DNA vaccination in the skin using miocroneedles improves protection against influenza, Mol. Ther, vol.20, issue.7, pp.1472-1480, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/mt.2012.69

URL : https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2012.69

D. Stoffler, B. Fahrenkrog, and U. Aebi, The nuclear pore complex: from molecular architecture to functional dynamics, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.391-401, 1999.

T. Suda and D. Liu, Hydrodynamic gene delivery: its principles and applications, Mol. Ther, vol.15, pp.2063-2069, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.mt.6300314

URL : https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mt.6300314

T. Suda, X. Gao, D. B. Stolz, and D. Liu, Structural impact of hydrodynamic injection on mouse liver, Gene Ther, vol.14, pp.129-137, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3302865

URL : http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v14/n2/pdf/3302865a.pdf

C. E. Thomas, A. Ehrhardt, M. A. Kay, and C. E. Thomas, Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.4, issue.5, pp.346-358, 2003.

C. L. Trimble, M. P. Morrow, K. A. Kraynyak, X. Shen, M. Dallas et al., Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100, a therapeutic synthetic DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3: a randomised, doubleblind, Lancet, vol.386, pp.2078-2088, 1008.

P. Van-damme, F. Oosterhuis-kafeja, M. Van-der-wielen, Y. Almagor, O. Sharon et al., Safety and efficacy of a novel MN device for dose sparing intradermal influenza vaccination in healthy adults, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.3, pp.454-459, 2009.

V. V. Vlassov, M. V. Nechaeva, V. N. Karamyshev, and L. A. Yakubov, Iontophoretic delivery of oligonucleotide derivatives into mouse tumor, Antisense Res. Dev, vol.4, pp.291-293, 1996.

W. Walther, U. Stein, I. Fichter, and P. M. Schlag, In vivo gene transfer of naked DNA into xenotransplanted colon carcinoma by jet injection, Langenbeck's Arch. Surg, vol.30, pp.69-72, 2001.

W. Walther, U. Stein, I. Fichter, K. Voss, T. Schmidt et al., Intratumoral low volume jet injection for efficient nonviral gene transfer, Mol. Biotechnol, vol.21, pp.105-115, 2002.
DOI : 10.1385/mb:21:2:105

P. M. Wang, M. Cornwell, J. Hill, and M. R. Prausnitz, Precise microinjection into skin using hollow microneedles, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.126, issue.5, pp.1080-1087, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700150

URL : https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700150

W. Wang, W. Li, N. Ma, and G. Steinhoff, Non-viral gene delivery methods, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol, vol.14, issue.1, pp.46-60, 2013.

Z. Wei, S. Zheng, R. Wang, X. Bu, H. Ma et al., A flexible microneedle array as low-voltage electroporation electrodes for in vivo DNA and siRNA delivery, Lab Chip, vol.14, issue.20, pp.4093-4102, 2014.

D. J. Wells, Gene therapy progress and prospects: electroporation and other physical methods, Gene Ther, vol.11, pp.1363-1369, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.gt.3302337

URL : http://www.nature.com/gt/journal/v11/n18/pdf/3302337a.pdf

M. Wilke, E. Fortunati, M. Van-der-broek, A. T. Hoogeveen, and B. J. Scholte, Efficacy of a peptide-based gene delivery system depends on mitotic activity, Gene Ther, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1133-1142, 1996.

N. Wilke, A. Mulcahy, S. Ye, and A. Morrissey, Process optimization and characterization of silicon microneedles fabricated by wet etch technology, Microelectronics, vol.36, issue.7, pp.650-656, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mejo.2005.04.044

G. L. Wilson, B. S. Dean, G. Wang, and D. A. Dean, Nuclear import of plasmid DNA in digitonin-permeabilized cells requires both cytoplasmic factors and specific DNA sequences, J. Biol. Chem, vol.274, issue.31, pp.22025-22032, 1999.

G. Yan, N. Arelly, N. Farhan, S. Lobo, and H. Li, Enhancing DNA delivery into the skin with a motorized microneedle device, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci, vol.14, issue.52, pp.215-222, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.015

N. S. Yang, J. Burkholder, B. Roberts, B. Martinell, and D. Mccabe, In vivo and in vitro gene transfer to mammalian somatic cells by particle bombardment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 1990.

W. H. Yu, M. Kashani-sabet, D. Liggitt, D. Moore, T. D. Heath et al., Topical gene delivery to murine skin, J. Invest. Dermatol, vol.112, pp.370-375, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00513.x

URL : https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00513.x

G. Zhang, V. Budker, and J. A. Wolff, High levels of foreign gene expression in hepatocytes after tail vein injections of naked plasmid DNA, Hum. Gene Ther, vol.10, pp.1735-1737, 1999.