, Management of severe head injuries in the early stage

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, vol.18, issue.1, pp.15-22, 1999.

A. Cariou, J. Payen, K. Asehnoune, G. Audibert, A. Botte et al., Targeted temperature management in the ICU: guidelines from a French expert panel, Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02070707

J. Ono, A. Yamaura, M. Kubota, Y. Okimura, and K. Isobe, Outcome prediction in severe head injury: analyses of clinical prognostic factors, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol.8, issue.2, pp.120-123, 2001.
DOI : 10.1054/jocn.2000.0732

A. Mosenthal, R. Lavery, M. Addis, S. Kaul, S. Ross et al., Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury: Age Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality and Early Outcome, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.52, issue.5, pp.907-918, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200205000-00015

S. Ratanalert, J. Chompikul, and S. Hirunpat, Talked and deteriorated head injury patients: how many poor outcomes can be avoided?, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol.9, issue.6, pp.640-643, 2002.
DOI : 10.1054/jocn.2002.1085

M. Balestreri, M. Czosnyka, D. Chatfield, L. Steiner, E. Schmidt et al., Predictive value of Glasgow coma scale after brain trauma: change in trend over the past 10 years, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.75, issue.1, pp.161-163, 2004.

A. Marmarou, J. Lu, I. Butcher, G. Mchugh, G. Murray et al., Prognostic Value of The Glasgow Coma Scale And Pupil Reactivity in Traumatic Brain Injury Assessed Pre-Hospital And on Enrollment: An IMPACT Analysis, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.2, pp.270-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2006.0029

E. Steyerberg, N. Mushkudiani, P. Perel, I. Butcher, J. Lu et al., Predicting Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury: Development and International Validation of Prognostic Scores Based on Admission Characteristics, PLoS Medicine, vol.59, issue.8, p.165, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050165.sd001

S. Timmons, T. Bee, S. Webb, R. Diaz-arrastia, and D. Hesdorffer, Using the Abbreviated Injury Severity and Glasgow Coma Scale Scores to Predict 2-Week Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.71, issue.5, pp.1172-1180, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e31822b0f4b

D. Panczykowski, A. Puccio, B. Scruggs, J. Bauer, A. Hricik et al., Prospective Independent Validation of IMPACT Modeling as a Prognostic Tool in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.29, issue.1, pp.47-52, 2012.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2010.1482

G. Murray, I. Butcher, G. Mchugh, J. Lu, N. Mushkudiani et al., Multivariable Prognostic Analysis in Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from The IMPACT Study, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.2, pp.329-366, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2006.0035

. Mrc-crash, . Trial-collaborators, P. Perel, M. Arango, T. Clayton et al., Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients, BMJ, vol.336, issue.7641, pp.425-434, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.39461.643438.25

G. Teasdale and B. Jennett, Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury, Acta Neurochirurgica, vol.38, issue.1-4, pp.1-445, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01405862

G. Teasdale, B. Jennett, L. Murray, and G. Murray, GLASGOW COMA SCALE: TO SUM OR NOT TO SUM?, The Lancet, vol.322, issue.8351, p.678, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92550-3

C. Healey, T. Osler, F. Rogers, M. Healey, L. Glance et al., Improving the Glasgow Coma Scale Score: Motor Score Alone Is a Better Predictor, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.54, issue.4, pp.671-679, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.TA.0000058130.30490.5D

M. Al-salamah, I. Mcdowell, I. Stiell, G. Wells, J. Perry et al., Initial Emergency Department Trauma Scores from the OPALS Study: The Case for the Motor Score in Blunt Trauma, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol.11, issue.8, pp.834-876, 2004.
DOI : 10.1197/j.aem.2004.03.008

M. Gill, R. Windemuth, R. Steele, and S. Green, A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale score to simplified alternative scores for the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.45, issue.1, pp.37-42, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.429

C. Hukkelhoven, E. Steyerberg, J. Habbema, E. Farace, A. Marmarou et al., Predicting Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury: Development and Validation of a Prognostic Score Based on Admission Characteristics, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1025-1064, 2005.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2005.22.1025

M. Gill, R. Steele, R. Windemuth, and S. Green, A Comparison of Five Simplified Scales to the Out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale for the Prediction of Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol.11, issue.9, pp.968-73, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01432.x

J. Haukoos, M. Gill, R. Rabon, C. Gravitz, and S. Green, Validation of the Simplified Motor Score for the Prediction of Brain Injury Outcomes After Trauma, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.50, issue.1, pp.18-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.10.004

D. Thompson, T. Hurtado, M. Liao, R. Byyny, C. Gravitz et al., Validation of the Simplified Motor Score in the Out-of-Hospital Setting for the Prediction of Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.58, issue.5, pp.417-442, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.05.033

J. Caterino and A. Raubenolt, The prehospital simplified motor score is as accurate as the prehospital Glasgow coma scale: analysis of a statewide trauma registry, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol.29, issue.6, pp.492-498, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/emj.2010.110437

B. Singh, M. Murad, L. Prokop, P. Erwin, Z. Wang et al., Meta-analysis of Glasgow Coma Scale and Simplified Motor Score in predicting traumatic brain injury outcomes, Brain Injury, vol.12, issue.3, pp.293-300, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00956.x

A. Ananda, G. Morris, N. Juul, S. Marshall, and L. Marshall, Executive committee of the international selfotel trial. The frequency, antecedent events, and causal relationships of neurologic worsening following severe head injury, Acta Neurochir, vol.73, pp.99-102, 1999.

F. Servadei, G. Teasdale, and G. Merry, Defining Acute Mild Head Injury in Adults: A Proposal Based on Prognostic Factors, Diagnosis, and Management, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.18, issue.7, pp.657-64, 2001.
DOI : 10.1089/089771501750357609

C. Compagnone, D. Avella, F. Servadei, F. Angileri, G. Brambilla et al., PATIENTS WITH MODERATE HEAD INJURY, Neurosurgery, vol.60, issue.4, pp.690-696, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00378-1

, Motor Accident Authorities New South Wales Guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury following closed head injury, 2008.

N. Guidelines, T. Ingebrigtsen, B. Romner, and C. Kock-jensen, Head injury: assessment and early management The scandinavian neurotrauma committee. Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild, and moderate head injuries, J Trauma, vol.201448, issue.4, pp.760-766, 2000.

J. Unden, T. Ingebrigtsen, B. Romner, S. Neurotrauma, and C. , Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update, BMC Medicine, vol.14, issue.Suppl, p.50, 2013.
DOI : 10.1053/jcan.2000.18444

W. Utomo, B. Gabbe, P. Simpson, and P. Cameron, Predictors of in-hospital mortality and 6-month functional outcomes in older adults after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, Injury, vol.40, issue.9, pp.973-980, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2009.05.034

R. Chesnut, S. Marshall, J. Piek, B. Blunt, M. Klauber et al., Early and Late Systemic Hypotension as a Frequent and Fundamental Source of Cerebral Ischemia Following Severe Brain Injury in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-9302-0_21

, Acta Neurochir, vol.1215, 1993.

G. Manley, M. Knudson, D. Morabito, S. Damron, V. Erickson et al., Hypotension, Hypoxia, and Head Injury, Archives of Surgery, vol.136, issue.10, pp.1118-1141, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.136.10.1118

J. Miller, R. Sweet, R. Narayan, and D. Becker, Early Insults to the Injured Brain, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.240, issue.5, pp.439-481, 1978.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1978.03290050029011

N. Stocchetti, A. Furlan, and F. Volta, Hypoxemia and Arterial Hypotension at the Accident Scene in Head Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.40, issue.5, pp.764-771, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199605000-00014

P. Jones, P. Andrews, S. Midgley, S. Anderson, I. Piper et al., Measuring the Burden of Secondary Insults in Head-Injured Patients During Intensive Care, Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.4-14, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00008506-199401000-00001

J. Chi, M. Knudson, M. Vassar, M. Mccarthy, M. Shapiro et al., Prehospital Hypoxia Affects Outcome in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Multicenter Study, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.61, issue.5, pp.1134-1175, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ta.0000196644.64653.d8

S. Bratton, R. Chestnut, J. Ghajar, M. Hammond, F. Harris et al., I. Blood Pressure and Oxygenation, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.supplement 1, pp.7-13, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2007.9995

T. Saul and T. Ducker, Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and aggressive treatment on mortality in severe head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.36, issue.4, pp.498-503, 1982.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1981.54.5.0596

M. Czosnyka, H. Richards, H. Whitehouse, and J. Pickard, Relationship between transcranial Doppler-determined pulsatility index and cerebrovascular resistance: an experimental study, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.33, issue.1, pp.79-84, 1996.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-199501000-00019

K. Chan, J. Miller, and N. Dearden, Intracranial blood flow velocity after head injury: relationship to severity of injury, time, neurological status and outcome., Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.55, issue.9, pp.787-91, 1992.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.55.9.787

J. Mcquire, J. Sutcliffe, and T. Coats, Early changes in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity after head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.29, issue.4, pp.526-558, 1998.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-199007000-00015

F. Trabold, P. Meyer, S. Blanot, P. Carli, and G. Orliaguet, The prognostic value of transcranial Doppler studies in children with moderate and severe head injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.1, pp.108-120, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-2057-8

P. Jaffres, J. Brun, P. Declety, J. Bosson, B. Fauvage et al., Transcranial Doppler to detect on admission patients at risk for neurological deterioration following mild and moderate brain trauma, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.71, issue.6, pp.785-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2630-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00391158

P. Bouzat, G. Francony, P. Declety, C. Genty, A. Kaddour et al., Transcranial Doppler to Screen on Admission Patients With Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurosurgery, vol.65, issue.1, pp.1603-1612, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surneu.2005.11.034

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00658920

C. Ract, L. Moigno, S. Bruder, N. Vigue, and B. , Transcranial Doppler ultrasound goal-directed therapy for the early management of severe traumatic brain injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.31, issue.Suppl, pp.645-51, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.17.5.913

A. Goyal, M. Carter, C. Niyonkuru, F. A. Amin, K. Berger et al., S100b as a prognostic biomarker in outcome prediction for patients with severe TBI, J Neurotrauma, 2012.

L. Pelinka, A. Kroepfl, M. Leixnering, W. Buchinger, A. Raabe et al., GFAP Versus S100B in Serum after Traumatic Brain Injury: Relationship to Brain Damage and Outcome, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.21, issue.11, pp.1553-61, 2004.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1553

P. Vos, K. Lamers, J. Hendriks, M. Van-haaren, T. Beems et al., Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury, Neurology, vol.62, issue.8, pp.1303-1313, 2004.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000120550.00643.DC

A. Guzel, U. Er, M. Tatli, U. Aluclu, U. Ozkan et al., Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome and its correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injury, Neurosurgical Review, vol.43, issue.3, pp.439-483, 2008.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000120550.00643.DC

L. Papa, L. Akinyi, M. Liu, J. Pineda, J. Tepas-3rd et al., Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a novel biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.38, issue.1, pp.138-182, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b788ab

G. Brophy, S. Mondello, L. Papa, S. Robicsek, A. Gabrielli et al., Biokinetic Analysis of Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patient Biofluids, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.28, issue.6, pp.861-70, 2011.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2010.1564

S. Mondello, L. Akinyi, A. Buki, S. Robicsek, A. Gabrielli et al., Clinical utility of serum levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase as a biomarker for severe traumatic brain injury, 2011.

D. Thomas, J. Palfreyman, and J. Ratcliffe, SERUM-MYELIN-BASIC-PROTEIN ASSAY IN DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH HEAD INJURY, The Lancet, vol.311, issue.8056, pp.113-118, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90415-4

Y. Yamazaki, K. Yada, S. Morii, T. Kitahara, and T. Ohwada, Diagnostic significance of serum neuron-specific enolase and myelin basic protein assay in patients with acute head injury, Surgical Neurology, vol.43, issue.3, pp.267-70, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0090-3019(95)80012-6

P. Liliang, C. Liang, H. Weng, K. Lu, K. Wang et al., ?? Proteins in Serum Predict Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Surgical Research, vol.160, issue.2, pp.302-309, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jss.2008.12.022

J. Pineda, S. Lewis, A. Valadka, L. Papa, H. Hannay et al., II-Spectrin Breakdown Products in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.2, pp.354-66, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2006.003789

S. Mondello, S. Robicsek, A. Gabrielli, G. Brophy, L. Papa et al., ??II-Spectrin Breakdown Products (SBDPs): Diagnosis and Outcome in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.27, issue.7, pp.1203-1216, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2010.1278

M. Ost, K. Nylen, L. Csajbok, A. Ohrfelt, M. Tullberg et al., Initial CSF total tau correlates with 1-year outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury, Neurology, vol.67, issue.9, pp.1600-1604, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000242732.06714.0f

S. Mrozek, J. Dumurgier, G. Citerio, A. Mebazaa, and T. Geeraerts, Biomarkers and acute brain injuries: interest and limits, Critical Care, vol.18, issue.2, p.220, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs187

E. Mackenzie, F. Rivara, G. Jurkovich, A. Nathens, K. Frey et al., A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-Center Care on Mortality, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.354, issue.4, pp.366-78, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMsa052049

C. Newgard, R. Schmicker, J. Hedges, J. Trickett, D. Davis et al., Emergency Medical Services Intervals and Survival in Trauma: Assessment of the ???Golden Hour??? in a North American Prospective Cohort, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.55, issue.3, pp.235-281, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.024

C. Berry, E. Ley, M. Bukur, D. Malinoski, D. Margulies et al., Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury, Injury, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1833-1840, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2011.08.014

E. Bulger, A. Nathens, F. Rivara, M. Moore, E. Mackenzie et al., Management of severe head injury: Institutional variations in care and effect on outcome*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1870-1876, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200208000-00033

G. Fuller, D. Pallot, T. Coats, and F. Lecky, The effectiveness of specialist neuroscience care in severe traumatic brain injury: A systematic review, British Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.26, issue.4, pp.452-60, 2014.
DOI : 10.3109/02688697.2012.690909

K. Bekelis, S. Missios, and T. Mackenzie, Prehospital Helicopter Transport and Survival of Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury, Annals of Surgery, vol.261, issue.3, pp.579-85, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000672

C. Jourdan, V. Bosserelle, S. Azerad, I. Ghout, E. Bayen et al., Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of a cohort of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): Results from the PariS-TBI study, Brain Injury, vol.90, issue.9, pp.1000-1007, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.04.014

H. Patel, O. Bouamra, M. Woodford, A. King, D. Yates et al., Trends in head injury outcome from 1989 to 2003 and the effect of neurosurgical care: an observational study, The Lancet, vol.366, issue.9496, pp.1538-1582, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67626-X

R. Hartl, L. Gerber, L. Iacono, Q. Ni, K. Lyons et al., Direct Transport Within An Organized State Trauma System Reduces Mortality in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.60, issue.6, pp.1250-1256, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ta.0000203717.57821.8d

H. Patel, D. Menon, S. Tebbs, R. Hawker, P. Hutchinson et al., Specialist neurocritical care and outcome from head injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.5, pp.547-53, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-002-1235-4

M. Mirski, C. Chang, and R. Cowan, Impact of a Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit on Neurosurgical Patient Outcomes and Cost of Care, Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.83-92, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00008506-200104000-00004

R. Chesnut, L. Marshall, M. Klauber, B. Blunt, N. Baldwin et al., THE ROLE OF SECONDARY BRAIN INJURY IN DETERMINING OUTCOME FROM SEVERE HEAD INJURY, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.34, issue.2, pp.216-238, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199302000-00006

R. Chesnut, S. Marshall, J. Piek, B. Blunt, M. Klauber et al., Early and Late Systemic Hypotension as a Frequent and Fundamental Source of Cerebral Ischemia Following Severe Brain Injury in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank, Acta Neurochir, vol.59, pp.121-126, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-9302-0_21

R. Hasler, E. Nuesch, P. Juni, O. Bouamra, A. Exadaktylos et al., Systolic blood pressure below 110mmHg is associated with increased mortality in penetrating major trauma patients: Multicentre cohort study, Resuscitation, vol.83, issue.4, pp.476-81, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.10.018

G. Fuller, R. Hasler, N. Mealing, T. Lawrence, M. Woodford et al., The association between admission systolic blood pressure and mortality in significant traumatic brain injury: A multi-centre cohort study, Injury, vol.45, issue.3, pp.612-619, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2013.09.008

I. Butcher, A. Maas, J. Lu, A. Marmarou, G. Murray et al., Prognostic Value of Admission Blood Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury: Results from The IMPACT Study, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.2, pp.294-302, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2006.0032

M. Brenner, D. Stein, P. Hu, B. Aarabi, K. Sheth et al., Traditional systolic blood pressure targets underestimate hypotension-induced secondary brain injury, The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.72, issue.5, pp.1135-1144, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e31824af90b

T. Aufderheide, G. Sigurdsson, R. Pirrallo, D. Yannopoulos, S. Mcknite et al., Hyperventilation-Induced Hypotension During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Circulation, vol.109, issue.16, pp.1960-1965, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000126594.79136.61

URL : http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/109/16/1960.full.pdf

P. Pepe, L. Roppolo, and R. Fowler, Prehospital endotracheal intubation: elemental or detrimental?, Critical Care, vol.19, issue.1, p.121, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9572(03)00178-3

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4440604?pdf=render

P. Pepe, K. Lurie, J. Wigginton, C. Raedler, and A. Idris, Detrimental hemodynamic effects of assisted ventilation in hemorrhagic states, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.Supplement, pp.414-434, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000134264.88332.37

S. Bernard, V. Nguyen, P. Cameron, K. Masci, M. Fitzgerald et al., Prehospital Rapid Sequence Intubation Improves Functional Outcome for Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Annals of Surgery, vol.252, issue.6, pp.959-65, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc15f

D. Davis, D. Hoyt, M. Ochs, D. Fortlage, T. Holbrook et al., The Effect of Paramedic Rapid Sequence Intubation on Outcome in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.54, issue.3, pp.444-53, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.TA.0000053396.02126.CD

D. Davis, J. Peay, J. Serrano, C. Buono, G. Vilke et al., The Impact of Aeromedical Response to Patients With Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.46, issue.2, pp.115-137, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.01.024

J. Coles, T. Fryer, M. Coleman, P. Smielewski, A. Gupta et al., Hyperventilation following head injury: Effect on ischemic burden and cerebral oxidative metabolism*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.2, pp.568-78, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000254066.37187.88

E. Caulfield, R. Dutton, D. Floccare, L. Stansbury, and T. Scalea, Prehospital Hypocapnia and Poor Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.66, issue.6, pp.1577-82, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a3931d

T. Dumont, A. Visioni, A. Rughani, B. Tranmer, and B. Crookes, Inappropriate Prehospital Ventilation in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Increases In-Hospital Mortality, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.27, issue.7, pp.1233-1274, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2009.1216

M. Maguire and N. Slabbert, Prehospital Hypocapnia and Poor Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.68, issue.1, p.250, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c45479

D. Davis, K. Koprowicz, C. Newgard, M. Daya, E. Bulger et al., The Relationship Between Out-of-Hospital Airway Management and Outcome Among Trauma Patients with Glasgow Coma Scale Scores of 8 or Less, Prehospital Emergency Care, vol.26, issue.1, pp.184-92, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/10903120600725751

U. Bodanapally, C. Sours, J. Zhuo, and K. Shanmuganathan, Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury, Radiologic Clinics of North America, vol.53, issue.4, pp.695-715, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rcl.2015.02.011

S. Bratton, R. Chestnut, J. Ghajar, M. Hammond, F. Harris et al., VI. Indications for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.24, issue.supplement 1, pp.37-44, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2007.9990

J. Kim and A. Gean, Imaging for the Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurotherapeutics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.39-53, 2011.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.6.1300

P. Miller, T. Fabian, M. Croce, C. Cagiannos, J. Williams et al., Prospective Screening for Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries, Annals of Surgery, vol.236, issue.3, pp.386-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-200209000-00015

K. Shea and S. Stahmer, Carotid and vertebral arterial dissections in the emergency department, Emerg Med Pract, vol.14, issue.4, pp.1-23, 2012.

N. Parks and M. Croce, Use of Computed Tomography in the Emergency Room to Evaluate Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury, Advances in Surgery, vol.46, issue.1, pp.205-222, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yasu.2012.03.003

D. Roberts, V. Chaubey, D. Zygun, D. Lorenzetti, P. Faris et al., Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomographic Angiography for Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury Detection in Trauma Patients, Annals of Surgery, vol.257, issue.4, pp.621-653, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318288c514

J. Dicocco, K. Emmett, T. Fabian, B. Zarzaur, J. Williams et al., Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury Screening With 32-Channel Multidetector Computed Tomography, Annals of Surgery, vol.253, issue.3, pp.444-50, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820d946b

E. Paulus, T. Fabian, S. Savage, B. Zarzaur, V. Botta et al., Blunt cerebrovascular injury screening with 64-channel multidetector computed tomography, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.76, issue.2, pp.279-83, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0000000000000101

N. Stocchetti and A. Maas, Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.370, issue.22, pp.2121-2151, 2014.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra1208708

A. Jakola, I. Reinertsen, T. Selbekk, O. Solheim, F. Lindseth et al., Threedimensional ultrasound-guided placement of ventricular catheters, World Neurosurg, vol.82, pp.3-4, 2014.

H. Alahmadi, S. Vachhrajani, and M. Cusimano, The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.54, issue.3, pp.1139-1184, 2010.
DOI : 10.4103/0028-3886.28109

A. Taylor, W. Butt, J. Rosenfeld, F. Shann, M. Ditchfield et al., A randomized trial of very early decompressive craniectomy in children with traumatic brain injury and sustained intracranial hypertension, Child's Nervous System, vol.17, issue.3, pp.154-62, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003810000410

W. Qiu, C. Guo, H. Shen, K. Chen, L. Wen et al., Effects of unilateral decompressive craniectomy on patients with unilateral acute post-traumatic brain swelling after severe traumatic brain injury, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.6, p.185, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8178

J. Jiang, W. Xu, W. Li, W. Xu, J. Zhang et al., Efficacy of Standard Trauma Craniectomy for Refractory Intracranial Hypertension with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.22, issue.6, pp.623-631, 2005.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2005.22.623

D. Cooper, J. Rosenfeld, L. Murray, Y. Arabi, A. Davies et al., Decompressive Craniectomy in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.364, issue.16, pp.1493-502, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1102077

P. Hutchinson, A. Kolias, I. Timofeev, E. Corteen, M. Czosnyka et al., Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.375, issue.12, 2016.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1605215

J. Barr, G. Fraser, K. Puntillo, E. Ely, C. Gelinas et al., Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Medicine, vol.41, issue.1, pp.263-306, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72

A. Yu, J. Teitelbaum, J. Scott, G. Gesin, B. Russell et al., Evaluating Pain, Sedation, and Delirium in the Neurologically Critically Ill???Feasibility and Reliability of Standardized Tools, Critical Care Medicine, vol.41, issue.8, pp.2002-2009, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828e96c0

I. Egerod, M. Jensen, S. Herling, and K. Welling, Effect of an analgo-sedation protocol for neurointensive patients: a two-phase interventional non-randomized pilot study, Critical Care, vol.14, issue.2, p.71, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8978

R. Augustes and K. Ho, Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on daily sedation interruption for critically ill adult patients, Anaesth Intensive Care, vol.39, issue.3, pp.401-410, 2011.

R. Helbok, P. Kurtz, M. Schmidt, M. Stuart, L. Fernandez et al., Effects of the neurological wake-up test on clinical examination, intracranial pressure, brain metabolism and brain tissue oxygenation in severely brain-injured patients, Critical Care, vol.16, issue.6, p.226, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70243-5

I. Roberts and E. Sydenham, Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.12, p.33, 2012.

L. Papazian, J. Albanese, X. Thirion, G. Perrin, O. Durbec et al., EFFECT OF BOLUS DOSES OF MIDAZOLAM ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HEAD INJURY, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.71, issue.2, pp.267-71, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/71.2.267

J. Albanese, X. Viviand, F. Potie, M. Rey, B. Alliez et al., Sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil in head trauma patients, Critical Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.407-418, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199902000-00050

M. Cnossen, S. Polinder, H. Lingsma, A. Maas, D. Menon et al., Variation in Structure and Process of Care in Traumatic Brain Injury: Provider Profiles of European Neurotrauma Centers Participating in the CENTER-TBI Study, PLOS ONE, vol.73, issue.2, p.161367, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0161367.s005

R. Narayan, P. Kishore, D. Becker, J. Ward, G. Enas et al., Intracranial pressure: to monitor or not to monitor?, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.8, issue.2, pp.650-659, 1982.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1973.39.3.0416

T. Mizutani, S. Manaka, and H. Tsutsumi, Estimation of intracranial pressure using computed tomography scan findings in patients with severe head injury, Surgical Neurology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.178-84, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0090-3019(90)90181-N

S. Stein, P. Georgoff, S. Meghan, K. Mirza, E. Falaky et al., Relationship of aggressive monitoring and treatment to improved outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.64, issue.1, pp.1105-1117, 2010.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1981.54.3.0300

Q. Yuan, H. Liu, X. Wu, Y. Sun, L. Zhou et al., Predictive value of initial intracranial pressure for refractory intracranial hypertension in persons with traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study, Brain Injury, vol.70, issue.6, pp.664-70, 2013.
DOI : 10.3171/2012.6.JNS101400

H. Eisenberg, G. Jr, H. Aldrich, E. Saydjari, C. Turner et al., Initial CT findings in 753 patients with severe head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.131, issue.5, pp.688-98, 1990.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.131.1.27

P. Holliday-3rd, K. Jr, D. Ball, and M. , Normal computed tomograms in acute head injury: correlation of intracranial pressure, ventricular size, and outcome, Neurosurgery, vol.10, issue.1, pp.25-33, 1982.

P. Kishore, M. Lipper, D. Becker, D. Da-silva, A. Narayan et al., Significance of CT in head injury: correlation with intracranial pressure, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.137, issue.4, pp.829-862, 1981.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.137.4.829

V. Sadhu, J. Sampson, F. Haar, R. Pinto, and S. Handel, Correlation Between Computed Tomography and Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Acute Head Trauma Patients, Radiology, vol.133, issue.2, pp.507-516, 1979.
DOI : 10.1148/133.2.507

M. Treggiari, N. Schutz, N. Yanez, and J. Romand, Role of intracranial pressure values and patterns in predicting outcome in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review, Neurocritical Care, vol.30, issue.2, pp.104-116, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-3242-6

M. Hara, C. Kadowaki, T. Shiogai, and K. Takeuchi, Correlation between intracranial pressure (ICP) and changes in CT images of cerebral hemorrhage, Neurological Research, vol.20, issue.3, pp.225-255, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/01616412.1998.11740510

S. Toutant, M. Klauber, L. Marshall, B. Toole, S. Bowers et al., ABSENT OR COMPRESSED BASAL CISTERNS ON FIRST CT SCAN, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.9, issue.3, pp.691-695, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198505000-00083

A. Kouvarellis, U. Rohlwink, V. Sood, D. Van-breda, M. Gowen et al., The relationship between basal cisterns on CT and time-linked intracranial pressure in paediatric head injury, Child's Nervous System, vol.32, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1139-1183, 2011.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-199301000-00003

R. Townsend, T. Lheureau, J. Protech, B. Riemer, and D. Simon, Timing Fracture Repair in Patients with Severe Brain Injury (Glasgow Coma Scale Score <9), The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.44, issue.6, pp.977-82, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199806000-00008

D. Kalb, A. Ney, J. Rodriguez, D. Jacobs, V. Camp et al., Assessment of the relationship between timing of fixation of the fracture and secondary brain injury in patients with multiple trauma, Surgery, vol.124, issue.4, pp.739-783, 1998.
DOI : 10.1067/msy.1998.91395

N. Algarra, A. Lele, S. Prathep, M. Souter, M. Vavilala et al., Intraoperative Secondary Insults During Orthopedic Surgery in Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, vol.29, issue.3, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000292

M. Flierl, J. Stoneback, K. Beauchamp, D. Hak, S. Morgan et al., Femur Shaft Fracture Fixation in Head-Injured Patients: When Is the Right Time?, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.24, issue.2, pp.107-121, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181b6bdfc

R. Leker and E. Shohami, Cerebral ischemia and trauma???different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: neuroprotective opportunities, Brain Research Reviews, vol.39, issue.1, pp.55-73, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00157-1

M. Reynolds, J. Richardson, D. Spain, D. Seligson, M. Wilson et al., Is the Timing of Fracture Fixation Important for the Patient with Multiple Trauma?, Annals of Surgery, vol.222, issue.4, pp.470-478, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-199522240-00005

O. Sullivan, M. Statham, P. Jones, P. Miller, J. Dearden et al., Role of intracranial pressure monitoring in severely head-injured patients without signs of intracranial hypertension on initial computerized tomography, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.47, issue.1, pp.46-50, 1994.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1983.59.6.0951

R. Lobato, R. Sarabia, J. Rivas, F. Cordobes, S. Castro et al., Normal computerized tomography scans in severe head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.7, issue.6, pp.784-793, 1986.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-198007000-00003

S. Stein, C. Spettell, G. Young, and S. Ross, Delayed and Progressive Brain Injury in Closed-Head Trauma, Neurosurgery, vol.55, issue.1, pp.25-30, 1993.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1981.55.5.0718

M. Poca, J. Sahuquillo, M. Baguena, S. Pedraza, R. Gracia et al., Incidence of Intracranial Hypertension after Severe Head Injury: A Prospective Study Using the Traumatic Coma Data Bank Classification, Acta Neurochir, vol.71, pp.27-30, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-6475-4_8

N. Stocchetti, E. Picetti, M. Berardino, A. Buki, R. Chesnut et al., Clinical applications of intracranial pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury, Acta Neurochirurgica, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1615-1637, 2014.
DOI : 10.1179/1743132811Y.0000000017

W. Clark, M. Muhlbauer, R. Lowrey, M. Hartman, M. Ray et al., Complications of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Trauma Patients, Neurosurgery, vol.25, issue.1, pp.20-24, 1989.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-198907000-00004

A. Lozier, R. Sciacca, M. Romagnoli, C. Jr, E. Gelabert-gonzalez et al., VENTRICULOSTOMY-RELATED INFECTIONS, Neurosurgery, vol.62, issue.suppl_2, pp.170-81435, 2002.
DOI : 10.1227/01.neu.0000316273.35833.7c

J. Ghajar, Intracranial pressure monitoring techniques, New Horiz, vol.3, issue.3, pp.395-404, 1995.

R. Chesnut, N. Temkin, N. Carney, S. Dikmen, C. Rondina et al., A Trial of Intracranial-Pressure Monitoring in Traumatic Brain Injury, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.367, issue.26, pp.2471-81, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1207363

F. Rossi-mossuti, U. Fisch, P. Schoettker, M. Gugliotta, M. Morard et al., Surgical treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in switzerland: results from a multicenter study, J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg, vol.77, issue.1, pp.36-45, 2016.

J. Miller, J. Butterworth, S. Gudeman, J. Faulkner, S. Choi et al., Further experience in the management of severe head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.3, issue.3, pp.289-99, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0

W. Jr, J. Harris, M. Diamond, and D. , Acute subdural hematoma: morbidity, mortality, and operative timing, J Neurosurg, vol.74, issue.2, pp.212-220, 1991.

H. Zhao, Y. Liao, D. Xu, Q. Wang, Q. Gan et al., The value of intraoperative intracranial pressure monitoring for predicting re-operation using salvage decompressive craniectomy after craniotomy in patients with traumatic mass lesions, BMC Surgery, vol.30, issue.Suppl 1, p.111, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200207000-00036

R. Lobato, J. Rivas, F. Cordobes, E. Alted, C. Perez et al., Acute epidural hematoma: an analysis of factors influencing the outcome of patients undergoing surgery in coma, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.20, issue.1, pp.48-57, 1988.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.144.4.7111729

Y. Huang and C. Ou, Prognostic Impact of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring After Primary Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury, World Neurosurgery, vol.88, pp.59-63, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.12.041

D. Kim, S. Yang, J. Sung, S. Lee, and B. Son, Significance of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring after Early Decompressive Craniectomy in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, vol.55, issue.1, pp.26-31, 2014.
DOI : 10.3340/jkns.2014.55.1.26

URL : http://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2014.55.1.26

A. Behrens, N. Lenfeldt, K. Ambarki, J. Malm, A. Eklund et al., Intracranial Pressure and Pulsatility Index, Neurosurgery, vol.152, issue.6, pp.1033-1037, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00701-010-0643-4

M. Gura, I. Elmaci, R. Sari, and N. Coskun, Correlation of pulsatility index with intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury, Turkish Neurosurgery, vol.21, issue.2, pp.210-215, 2011.
DOI : 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.3574-10.1

M. Giulioni, M. Ursino, and C. Alvisi, Correlations among intracranial pulsatility, intracranial hemodynamics, and transcranial Doppler wave form, Neurosurgery, vol.22, issue.5, pp.807-819, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00006123-198805000-00001

S. Voulgaris, M. Partheni, H. Kaliora, N. Haftouras, I. Pessach et al., Early cerebral monitoring using the transcranial Doppler pulsatility index in patients with severe brain trauma, Med Sci Monit, vol.11, issue.2, pp.49-52, 2005.

B. Wakerley, Y. Kusuma, L. Yeo, S. Liang, K. Kumar et al., Usefulness of Transcranial Doppler-Derived Cerebral Hemodynamic Parameters in the Noninvasive Assessment of Intracranial Pressure, Journal of Neuroimaging, vol.9, issue.1, pp.111-117, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s11910-009-0008-7

I. Haitsma and A. Maas, Advanced monitoring in the intensive care unit: brain tissue oxygen tension, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.8, issue.2, pp.115-135, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00075198-200204000-00005

W. Van-den-brink, H. Van-santbrink, E. Steyerberg, C. Avezaat, J. Suazo et al., Brain oxygen tension in severe head injury, Neurosurgery, vol.46, issue.4, pp.868-76, 2000.

H. Van-santbrink, A. Maas, and C. Avezaat, Continuous Monitoring of Partial Pressure of Brain Tissue Oxygen in Patients with Severe Head Injury, Neurosurgery, vol.68, issue.1, pp.21-31, 1996.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1988.68.4.0594

A. Marin-caballos, F. Murillo-cabezas, A. Cayuela-dominguez, J. Dominguez-roldan, M. Rincon-ferrari et al., Cerebral perfusion pressure and risk of brain hypoxia in severe head injury: a prospective observational study, Critical Care, vol.9, issue.6, pp.670-676, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/cc3822

P. Narotam, J. Morrison, and N. Nathoo, Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in traumatic brain injury and major trauma: outcome analysis of a brain tissue oxygen???directed therapy, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.52, issue.1, pp.672-82, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0090-3019(99)00101-9

A. Spiotta, M. Stiefel, V. Gracias, A. Garuffe, W. Kofke et al., Brain tissue oxygen???directed management and outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.37, issue.1, pp.571-80, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/01376517-200510000-00008

S. Badri, J. Chen, J. Barber, N. Temkin, S. Dikmen et al., Mortality and long-term functional outcome associated with intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.69, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1800-1809, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c99853

M. Balestreri, M. Czosnyka, P. Hutchinson, L. Steiner, M. Hiler et al., Impact of Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure on Severe Disability and Mortality After Head Injury, Neurocritical Care, vol.4, issue.1, pp.8-13, 2006.
DOI : 10.1385/NCC:4:1:008

I. Chambers, L. Treadwell, and A. Mendelow, Determination of threshold levels of cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure in severe head injury by using receiver operating???characteristic curves: an observational study in 291 patients, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.39, issue.3, pp.412-418, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.300.6721.363

G. Clifton, E. Miller, S. Choi, and H. Levin, Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.4, pp.739-784, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200204000-00003

N. Juul, G. Morris, S. Marshall, and L. Marshall, Intracranial hypertension and cerebral perfusion pressure: influence on neurological deterioration and outcome in severe head injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.42, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2000.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1983.59.6.0951

URL : http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.1999.7.5.1

M. Schreiber, N. Aoki, B. Scott, and J. Beck, Determinants of Mortality in Patients With Severe Blunt Head Injury, Archives of Surgery, vol.137, issue.3, pp.285-90, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.137.3.285

URL : http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/surg/5348/soa1149.pdf

E. Sorrentino, J. Diedler, M. Kasprowicz, K. Budohoski, C. Haubrich et al., Critical Thresholds for Cerebrovascular Reactivity After Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurocritical Care, vol.20, issue.1, pp.258-66, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/02688690600598257

E. Karamanos, P. Teixeira, E. Sivrikoz, S. Varga, K. Chouliaras et al., Intracranial pressure versus cerebral perfusion pressure as a marker of outcomes in severe head injury: a prospective evaluation, The American Journal of Surgery, vol.208, issue.3, pp.363-71, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.10.026

O. Cremer, G. Van-dijk, E. Van-wensen, G. Brekelmans, K. Moons et al., Effect of intracranial pressure monitoring and targeted intensive care on functional outcome after severe head injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.10, pp.2207-2220, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000181300.99078.B5

A. Farahvar, L. Gerber, Y. Chiu, R. Hartl, M. Froelich et al., Response to intracranial hypertension treatment as a predictor of death in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1471-1479, 2011.
DOI : 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/10/0678

P. Talving, E. Karamanos, P. Teixeira, D. Skiada, L. Lam et al., Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe head injury: compliance with Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines and effect on outcomes: a prospective study, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.71, issue.1, pp.1248-54, 2013.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.01708.x

URL : http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2013.7.JNS122255

A. Vik, T. Nag, O. Fredriksli, T. Skandsen, K. Moen et al., Relationship of ???dose??? of intracranial hypertension to outcome in severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.32, issue.71, pp.678-84, 2008.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-199301000-00003

F. Guiza, B. Depreitere, I. Piper, G. Citerio, I. Chambers et al., Visualizing the pressure and time burden of intracranial hypertension in adult and paediatric traumatic brain injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.120, issue.6, pp.1067-76, 2015.
DOI : 10.3171/2014.1.JNS131292

H. Biersteker, T. Andriessen, J. Horn, G. Franschman, J. Van-der-naalt et al., Factors influencing intracranial pressure monitoring guideline compliance and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.6, pp.1914-1936, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182474bde

S. Shafi, R. Diaz-arrastia, C. Madden, and L. Gentilello, Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Brain-Injured Patients is Associated With Worsening of Survival, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.64, issue.2, pp.335-375, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e31815dd017

P. Andrews, D. Sleeman, P. Statham, A. Mcquatt, V. Corruble et al., Predicting recovery in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury by using admission variables and physiological data: a comparison between decision tree analysis and logistic regression, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.92, issue.2, pp.326-362, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199303000-00012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185786

K. Elf, P. Nilsson, E. Ronne-engstrom, T. Howells, and P. Enblad, Cerebral perfusion pressure between 50 and 60 mmHg may be beneficial in head-injured patients: a computerized secondary insult monitoring study, Neurosurgery, vol.56, issue.5, pp.962-71, 2005.

S. Huang, W. Hong, Y. Han, Y. Chen, C. Wen et al., Clinical outcome of severe head injury using three different ICP and CPP protocol-driven therapies, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol.13, issue.8, pp.818-840, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.034

M. Aries, M. Czosnyka, K. Budohoski, L. Steiner, A. Lavinio et al., Continuous determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in traumatic brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.8, pp.2456-63, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182514eb6

B. Depreitere, F. Guiza, G. Van-den-berghe, M. Schuhmann, G. Maier et al., Pressure autoregulation monitoring and cerebral perfusion pressure target recommendation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury based on minute-by-minute monitoring data, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.274, issue.1, pp.1451-1458, 2014.
DOI : 10.3171/FOC.2008.25.10.E2

URL : http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2014.3.JNS131500

T. Howells, K. Elf, P. Jones, E. Ronne-engstrom, I. Piper et al., Pressure reactivity as a guide in the treatment of cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with brain trauma, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.42, issue.2, pp.311-318, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199705001-00006

C. Lazaridis, S. Desantis, P. Smielewski, D. Menon, P. Hutchinson et al., Patient-specific thresholds of intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.2, issue.1, pp.893-900, 2014.
DOI : 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/10/0678

C. Dias, M. Silva, E. Pereira, E. Monteiro, I. Maia et al., Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Management at Bedside: A Single-Center Pilot Study, Neurocritical Care, vol.35, issue.Suppl 1, pp.92-102, 2015.
DOI : 10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000150

J. Kosty, P. Leroux, J. Levine, S. Park, M. Kumar et al., A Comparison of Clinical and Research Practices in Measuring Cerebral Perfusion Pressure, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.117, issue.3, pp.694-702, 2013.
DOI : 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829cc765

V. Rao, P. Klepstad, O. Losvik, and O. Solheim, Confusion with cerebral perfusion pressure in a literature review of current guidelines and survey of clinical practise, Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, vol.21, issue.1, p.78, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00701-013-1640-1

C. Robertson, A. Valadka, H. Hannay, C. Contant, S. Gopinath et al., Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury, Critical Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.10, pp.2086-95, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199910000-00002

U. Johnson, P. Nilsson, E. Ronne-engstrom, T. Howells, and P. Enblad, Favorable Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients With Impaired Cerebral Pressure Autoregulation When Treated at Low Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Levels, Neurosurgery, vol.15, issue.2, pp.714-735, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.08.014

J. Fortune, P. Feustel, L. Graca, J. Hasselbarth, and D. Kuehler, Effect of Hyperventilation, Mannitol, and Ventriculostomy Drainage on Cerebral Blood Flow after Head Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1091-1098, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199512000-00014

E. Bulger, S. May, K. Brasel, M. Schreiber, J. Kerby et al., Out-of-Hospital Hypertonic Resuscitation Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, JAMA, vol.304, issue.13, pp.1455-64, 2010.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2010.1405

URL : http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/jama/4531/joc05126_1455_1464.pdf

D. Cooper, P. Myles, F. Mcdermott, L. Murray, J. Laidlaw et al., Prehospital Hypertonic Saline Resuscitation of Patients With Hypotension and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, JAMA, vol.291, issue.11, pp.1350-1357, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.291.11.1350

URL : http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/jama/4920/jce40010.pdf

H. Kamel, B. Navi, K. Nakagawa, J. Hemphill-3rd, and N. Ko, Hypertonic saline versus mannitol for the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.3, pp.554-563, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206b9be

A. Rickard, J. Smith, P. Newell, A. Bailey, A. Kehoe et al., Salt or sugar for your injured brain? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of mannitol versus hypertonic sodium solutions to manage raised intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol.57, issue.Supp 1, pp.679-83, 2014.
DOI : 10.1227/01.NEU.0000175726.08903.0A

J. Muizelaar, A. Marmarou, J. Ward, H. Kontos, S. Choi et al., Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.6, issue.5, pp.731-740, 1991.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1991.74.1.0087

J. Coles, P. Minhas, T. Fryer, P. Smielewski, F. Aigbirihio et al., Effect of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow in traumatic head injury: Clinical relevance and monitoring correlates*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1950-1959, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200209000-00002

J. Soustiel, E. Mahamid, A. Chistyakov, V. Shik, R. Benenson et al., Comparison of moderate hyperventilation and mannitol for control of intracranial pressure control in patients with severe traumatic brain injury ??? a study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, Acta Neurochirurgica, vol.63, issue.[Suppl] 139, pp.845-51, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00701-006-0792-7

M. Diringer, K. Yundt, T. Videen, R. Adams, A. Zazulia et al., No reduction in cerebral metabolism as a result of early moderate hyperventilation following severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.68, issue.1, pp.7-13, 2000.
DOI : 10.1213/00000539-198906000-00003

M. Diringer, T. Videen, K. Yundt, A. Zazulia, V. Aiyagari et al., Regional cerebrovascular and metabolic effects of hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.68, issue.1, pp.103-111, 2002.
DOI : 10.1213/00000539-198906000-00003

S. Finfer, R. Bellomo, N. Boyce, J. French, J. Myburgh et al., A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit, N Engl J Med, vol.350, issue.22, pp.2247-56, 2004.

J. Myburgh, Australian New Zealand intensive care society clinical trials group, Australian red cross blood study, George institute for international health Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury, Safe study investigators, pp.874-84, 2007.

J. Duranteau, K. Ashenoune, S. Pierre, Y. Ozier, M. Leone et al., Recommandations sur la ré animation du choc hé morragique, Anesth Reanim, vol.1, issue.1, pp.62-74, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anrea.2014.12.007

K. Reinhart, A. Perner, C. Sprung, R. Jaeschke, F. Schortgen et al., Consensus statement of the ESICM task force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.6, pp.368-83, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31819cedfd

M. Huang, H. Shih, J. Wu, T. Ko, V. Fan et al., Urgent Laparotomy versus Emergency Craniotomy for Multiple Trauma with Head Injury Patients, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.38, issue.1, pp.154-161, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199501000-00035

J. Sierink, T. Saltzherr, J. Reitsma, O. Van-delden, J. Luitse et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate total-body computed tomography compared with selective radiological imaging of injured patients, British Journal of Surgery, vol.51, issue.S1, pp.52-60, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00101-002-0369-7

N. Caputo, C. Stahmer, G. Lim, and K. Shah, Whole-body computed tomographic scanning leads to better survival as opposed to selective scanning in trauma patients, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.77, issue.4, pp.534-543, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0000000000000414

L. Jiang, Y. Ma, S. Jiang, L. Ye, Z. Zheng et al., Comparison of whole-body computed tomography vs selective radiological imaging on outcomes in major trauma patients: a meta-analysis, Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, vol.176, issue.7, p.54, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.03.016

S. Mrozek, F. Gaussiat, and T. Geeraerts, The management of femur shaft fracture associated with severe traumatic brain injury, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.32, issue.7-8, pp.7-8510, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2013.07.010

J. Pietropaoli, F. Rogers, S. Shackford, S. Wald, J. Schmoker et al., THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INTRAOPERATIVE HYPOTENSION ON OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE HEAD INJURIES, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.33, issue.3, pp.403-410, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199209000-00011

J. Annegers, W. Hauser, S. Coan, and W. Rocca, A Population-Based Study of Seizures after Traumatic Brain Injuries, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.338, issue.1, pp.20-24, 1998.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199801013380104

N. Temkin, Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Seizures in Adults, Epilepsia, vol.40, pp.18-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1983.04050010027006

Y. Huang, C. Liao, W. Chen, and C. Ou, Characterization of acute post-craniectomy seizures in traumatically brain-injured patients, Seizure, vol.25, pp.150-154, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.10.008

V. Ramakrishnan, R. Dahlin, O. Hariri, S. Quadri, S. Farr et al., Antiepileptic prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing craniotomy versus decompressive craniectomy, Surg Neurol Int, vol.6, p.8, 2015.

N. Temkin, S. Dikmen, A. Wilensky, J. Keihm, S. Chabal et al., A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Phenytoin for the Prevention of Post-Traumatic Seizures, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.323, issue.8, pp.497-502, 1990.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199008233230801

S. Dikmen, N. Temkin, B. Miller, J. Machamer, and H. Winn, Neurobehavioral Effects of Phenytoin Prophylaxis of Posttraumatic Seizures, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.265, issue.10, pp.1271-1278, 1991.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1991.03460100073027

A. Haltiner, D. Newell, N. Temkin, S. Dikmen, and H. Winn, Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.74, issue.4, pp.588-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1983.58.2.0236

S. Debenham, B. Sabit, R. Saluja, J. Lamoureux, P. Bajsarowicz et al., Conclusions:, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques, vol.105, issue.06, pp.896-901, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70199-0

I. Bhullar, D. Johnson, J. Paul, A. Kerwin, J. Tepas-3rd et al., More harm than good, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.76, issue.1, pp.54-60, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182aafd15

K. Jones, A. Puccio, K. Harshman, B. Falcione, N. Benedict et al., Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury, Neurosurgical Focus, vol.7, issue.1, p.3, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295667.66853.BC

J. Szaflarski, K. Sangha, C. Lindsell, and L. Shutter, Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blinded Comparative Trial of Intravenous Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis, Neurocritical Care, vol.18, issue.Suppl 1, pp.165-72, 2010.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.55.2.258

K. Inaba, J. Menaker, B. Branco, J. Gooch, O. Okoye et al., A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.74, issue.3, pp.766-71, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182826e84

G. Caballero, D. Hughes, P. Maxwell, K. Green, C. Gamboa et al., Retrospective Analysis of Levetiracetam Compared to Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury, Hospital Pharmacy, vol.12, issue.9, pp.757-61, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/106002809703100301

R. Kruer, L. Harris, H. Goodwin, J. Kornbluth, K. Thomas et al., Changing trends in the use of seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: A shift from phenytoin to levetiracetam, Journal of Critical Care, vol.28, issue.5, pp.9-13, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.11.020

J. Radic, S. Chou, R. Du, and J. Lee, Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin: A Comparison of Efficacy of Seizure Prophylaxis and Adverse Event Risk Following Acute or Subacute Subdural Hematoma Diagnosis, Neurocritical Care, vol.36, issue.2, pp.228-265, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.0000141936.36596.1e

W. Gabriel and A. Rowe, Long-Term Comparison of GOS-E Scores in Patients Treated With Phenytoin or Levetiracetam for Posttraumatic Seizure Prophylaxis After Traumatic Brain Injury, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.24, issue.4, pp.1440-1444, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s12028-013-9837-y

C. Ma, Y. Xue, M. Li, Y. Zhang, and G. Li, Sodium valproate for prevention of early posttraumatic seizures, Chin J Traumatol, vol.13, issue.5, pp.293-299, 2010.

N. Temkin, S. Dikmen, G. Anderson, A. Wilensky, M. Holmes et al., Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.33, issue.4, pp.593-600, 1999.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.1983.58.2.0236

S. Zafar, A. Khan, A. Ghauri, and M. Shamim, Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for Seizure Prophylaxis after brain injury ??? a meta analysis, BMC Neurology, vol.26, issue.4, p.30, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/cpt1979264445

K. Thompson, B. Pohlmann-eden, L. Campbell, and H. Abel, Pharmacological treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.8, p.9900, 2015.

B. Simma, R. Burger, M. Falk, P. Sacher, and S. Fanconi, A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury, Critical Care Medicine, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1265-70, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199807000-00032

T. Lescot, V. Degos, A. Zouaoui, F. Preteux, P. Coriat et al., Opposed effects of hypertonic saline on contusions and noncontused brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.12, pp.3029-3062, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000243797.42346.64

D. Wells, J. Swanson, G. Wood, L. Magnotti, B. Boucher et al., The relationship between serum sodium and intracranial pressure when using hypertonic saline to target mild hypernatremia in patients with head trauma, Critical Care, vol.16, issue.5, p.193, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2005.10.002

URL : https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/cc11678?site=ccforum.biomedcentral.com

A. Roquilly, P. Mahe, D. Latte, O. Loutrel, P. Champin et al., Continuous controlled-infusion of hypertonic saline solution in traumatic brain-injured patients: a 9-year retrospective study, Critical Care, vol.15, issue.5, p.260, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181a594c4

I. Roberts, D. Yates, P. Sandercock, B. Farrell, J. Wasserberg et al., Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10,008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebocontrolled trial, Lancet, vol.364, issue.9442, pp.1321-1329, 2004.

R. Sonneville, I. Vanhorebeek, H. Hertog, F. Chretien, D. Annane et al., Critical illness-induced dysglycemia and the brain, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.356, issue.2, pp.192-202, 2015.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMbkrev57613

G. Bochicchio, J. Sung, M. Joshi, K. Bochicchio, S. Johnson et al., Persistent Hyperglycemia is Predictive of Outcome in Critically Ill Trauma Patients, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.58, issue.5, pp.921-925, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.TA.0000162141.26392.07

X. Liu-deryke, D. Collingridge, J. Orme, D. Roller, J. Zurasky et al., Clinical Impact of Early Hyperglycemia During Acute Phase of Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurocritical Care, vol.25, issue.3, pp.151-158, 2009.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.11.4.355

J. Sung, G. Bochicchio, M. Joshi, K. Bochicchio, K. Tracy et al., Admission Hyperglycemia Is Predictive of Outcome in Critically Ill Trauma Patients, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.59, issue.1, pp.80-83, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.TA.0000171452.96585.84

E. Jeremitsky, L. Omert, C. Dunham, J. Wilberger, and A. Rodriguez, The Impact of Hyperglycemia on Patients With Severe Brain Injury, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.58, issue.1, pp.47-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.TA.0000135158.42242.B1

K. Matsushima, M. Peng, C. Velasco, E. Schaefer, R. Diaz-arrastia et al., Glucose variability negatively impacts long-term functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.2, pp.125-156, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.08.012

A. Rovlias and S. Kotsou, The Influence of Hyperglycemia on Neurological Outcome in Patients with Severe Head Injury, Neurosurgery, vol.210, issue.2, pp.335-377, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-198910000-00007

D. Griesdale, M. Tremblay, J. Mcewen, and D. Chittock, Glucose Control and Mortality in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Neurocritical Care, vol.71, issue.Suppl 1, pp.311-317, 2009.
DOI : 10.1503/cmaj.090206

S. Yang, S. Zhang, and M. Wang, Clinical significance of admission hyperglycemia and factors related to it in patients with acute severe head injury, Surgical Neurology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.373-380, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0090-3019(96)80243-6

G. Van-den-berghe, K. Schoonheydt, P. Becx, F. Bruyninckx, and P. Wouters, Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients, Neurology, vol.64, issue.8, pp.1348-53, 2005.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000158442.08857.FC

. Nice-sugar-study-investgators, S. Finfer, D. Chittock, S. Su, D. Blair et al., Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, vol.360, issue.13, pp.1283-97, 2009.

M. Oddo, J. Schmidt, E. Carrera, N. Badjatia, E. Connolly et al., Impact of tight glycemic control on cerebral glucose metabolism after severe brain injury: A microdialysis study*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, issue.12, pp.3233-3241, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818f4026

P. Vespa, R. Boonyaputthikul, D. Mcarthur, C. Miller, M. Etchepare et al., Intensive insulin therapy reduces microdialysis glucose values without altering glucose utilization or improving the lactate/pyruvate ratio after traumatic brain injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.3, pp.850-856, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000201875.12245.6F

M. Bechir, R. Meierhans, G. Brandi, J. Sommerfeld, M. Fasshauer et al., Insulin differentially influences brain glucose and lactate in traumatic brain injured patients, Minerva Anestesiol, vol.76, issue.11, pp.896-904, 2010.

R. Meierhans, M. Bechir, S. Ludwig, J. Sommerfeld, G. Brandi et al., Brain metabolism is significantly impaired at blood glucose below 6 mM and brain glucose below 1 mM in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, Critical Care, vol.14, issue.1, p.13, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8869

URL : https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/cc8869?site=ccforum.biomedcentral.com

M. Oddo, J. Schmidt, S. Mayer, and R. Chiolero, Glucose control after severe brain injury, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol.11, issue.2, pp.134-143, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f37b43

P. Vespa, D. Mcarthur, N. Stein, S. Huang, W. Shao et al., Tight glycemic control increases metabolic distress in traumatic brain injury, Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.6, pp.1923-1932, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e0fcc

M. Yang, Q. Guo, X. Zhang, S. Sun, Y. Wang et al., Intensive insulin therapy on infection rate, days in NICU, in-hospital mortality and neurological outcome in severe traumatic brain injury patients: A randomized controlled trial, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol.46, issue.6, pp.753-761, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.004

F. Bilotta, R. Caramia, F. Paoloni, R. Delfini, and G. Rosa, Safety and Efficacy of Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critical Neurosurgical Patients, Anesthesiology, vol.110, issue.3, pp.611-620, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318198004b

F. Bilotta, R. Caramia, I. Cernak, F. Paoloni, A. Doronzio et al., Intensive Insulin Therapy After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Neurocritical Care, vol.364, issue.1, pp.159-66, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198806093182302

A. Coester, C. Neumann, and M. Schmidt, Intensive Insulin Therapy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Trial, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.68, issue.4, pp.904-915, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181c9afc2

S. Finfer, D. Chittock, and Y. Li, Nice sugar study investigators for the Australian New Zealand intensive care society clinical trials group, the Canadian critical care trials group Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: long-term follow-up of a subgroup of patients from the NICE-SUGAR study, Intensive Care Med, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1037-1084, 2015.

R. Cinotti, C. Ichai, J. Orban, P. Kalfon, F. Feuillet et al., Effects of tight computerized glucose control on neurological outcome in severely brain injured patients: a multicenter sub-group analysis of the randomized-controlled open-label CGAO-REA study, Critical Care, vol.188, issue.5, p.498, 2014.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201301-0116OC

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01313106

A. Kramer, D. Roberts, and D. Zygun, Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Critical Care, vol.16, issue.5, p.203, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1585-2

E. Javouhey, A. Guerin, J. Martin, D. Floret, and M. Chiron, Management of severely injured children in road accidents in France: Impact of the acute care organization on the outcome*, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol.10, issue.4, pp.472-480, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/PCC.0b013e318198b1cb

T. Bennett, J. Riva-cambrin, H. Keenan, E. Korgenski, and S. Bratton, Variation in Intracranial Pressure Monitoring and Outcomes in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol.166, issue.7, pp.641-648, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.322

J. Pineda, J. Leonard, I. Mazotas, M. Noetzel, D. Limbrick et al., Effect of implementation of a paediatric neurocritical care programme on outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.45-52, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70269-7

F. Alkhoury and T. Kyriakides, Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, JAMA Surgery, vol.149, issue.6, pp.544-552, 2014.
DOI : 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.4329

C. Downard, F. Hulka, R. Mullins, J. Piatt, R. Chesnut et al., Relationship of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Survival in Pediatric Brain-Injured Patients, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.49, issue.4, pp.654-662, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200010000-00012

J. White, Z. Farukhi, C. Bull, J. Christensen, T. Gordon et al., Predictors of outcome in severely head-injured children, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.3, pp.534-574, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200103000-00011

J. Pfenninger and A. Santi, Severe traumatic brain injury in children ? are the results improving, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.132, pp.9-10116, 2002.

P. Adelson, J. Ragheb, P. Kanev, D. Brockmeyer, S. Beers et al., Phase II Clinical Trial of Moderate Hypothermia after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Children, Neurosurgery, vol.15, issue.4, pp.740-54, 2005.
DOI : 10.1227/01.NEU.0000156471.50726.26

M. Wahlstrom, M. Olivecrona, L. Koskinen, B. Rydenhag, and S. Naredi, Severe traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients: treatment and outcome using an intracranial pressure targeted therapy???the Lund concept, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.44, issue.6, pp.832-841, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200306006-00001

I. Chambers, P. Jones, T. Lo, R. Forsyth, B. Fulton et al., Critical thresholds of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure related to age in paediatric head injury, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.77, issue.2, pp.234-274, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2005.072215

D. Grinkeviciute, R. Kevalas, A. Matukevicius, V. Ragaisis, and A. Tamasauskas, Significance of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury, Medicina, vol.44, issue.2, pp.119-144, 2008.
DOI : 10.3390/medicina44020015

B. Carter, W. Butt, and A. Taylor, ICP and CPP: excellent predictors of long term outcome in severely brain injured children, Child's Nervous System, vol.39, issue.6, pp.245-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00381-007-0461-z

J. Jagannathan, D. Okonkwo, A. Dumont, H. Ahmed, A. Bahari et al., Outcome following decompressive craniectomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury: a 10-year single-center experience with long-term follow up, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol.63, issue.5, pp.268-75, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s003810000410

J. Melo, D. Rocco, F. Lemos-junior, L. Roujeau, T. Thelot et al., Defenestration in children younger than 6??years old: mortality predictors in severe head trauma, Child's Nervous System, vol.36, issue.7???8, pp.1077-83, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2006.03.015

A. Sigurta, C. Zanaboni, K. Canavesi, G. Citerio, L. Beretta et al., Intensive care for pediatric traumatic brain injury, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.4, issue.4 Suppl, pp.129-165, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-198412000-00002

P. Narotam, S. Burjonrappa, S. Raynor, M. Rao, and C. Taylon, Cerebral oxygenation in major pediatric trauma: its relevance to trauma severity and outcome, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.41, issue.3, pp.505-518, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.069

A. Figaji, E. Zwane, A. Fieggen, A. Argent, L. Roux et al., Pressure autoregulation, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation in children with severe traumatic brain injury, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol.42, issue.1, pp.420-428, 2009.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.1999.16.937

T. Kapapa, K. Konig, U. Pfister, M. Sasse, D. Woischneck et al., Head Trauma in Children, Part 2: Course and Discharge With Outcome, Journal of Child Neurology, vol.120, issue.3, pp.274-83, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/00001199-200611000-00005

M. Stippler, V. Ortiz, P. Adelson, Y. Chang, E. Tyler-kabara et al., Brain tissue oxygen monitoring after severe traumatic brain injury in children: relationship to outcome and association with other clinical parameters, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol.5, issue.4, pp.383-91, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/00006123-199601000-00007

URL : http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2012.8.PEDS12165

B. Allen, Y. Chiu, L. Gerber, J. Ghajar, and J. Greenfield, Age-Specific Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Thresholds and Survival in Children and Adolescents With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury*, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol.15, issue.1, pp.62-70, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182a556ea

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4077612?pdf=render

H. Keenan, M. Nocera, and S. Bratton, Frequency of intracranial pressure monitoring in infants and young toddlers with traumatic brain injury*, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, vol.6, issue.5, pp.537-578, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.PCC.0000164638.44600.67

K. Morris, R. Forsyth, R. Parslow, R. Tasker, C. Hawley et al., Intracranial pressure complicating severe traumatic brain injury in children: monitoring and management, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.17, issue.10, pp.1606-1618, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-006-0285-4

J. Geddes, A. Hackshaw, G. Vowles, C. Nickols, and H. Whitwell, Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children: I. Patterns of brain damage, Brain, vol.124, issue.7, pp.1290-1298, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/124.7.1290

K. Barlow, E. Thomson, D. Johnson, and R. Minns, Late Neurologic and Cognitive Sequelae of Inflicted Traumatic Brain Injury in Infancy, PEDIATRICS, vol.116, issue.2, pp.174-85, 2005.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2004-2739

URL : http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/116/2/e174.full.pdf

P. Ilves, M. Lintrop, I. Talvik, A. Sisko, and T. Talvik, Predictive value of clinical and radiological findings in inflicted traumatic brain injury, Acta Paediatrica, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1329-1365, 2010.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.54.3.647

T. Rhine, S. Wade, K. Makoroff, A. Cassedy, and L. Michaud, Clinical predictors of outcome following inflicted traumatic brain injury in children, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.73, issue.4, pp.248-53, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e31826b0062

K. Barlow and R. Minns, The relation between intracranial pressure and outcome in non-accidental head injury, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, vol.63, issue.4, pp.220-225, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11563.x

A. Mehta, P. Kochanek, E. Tyler-kabara, P. Adelson, S. Wisniewski et al., Relationship of Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure with Outcome in Young Children after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Developmental Neuroscience, vol.27, pp.5-6413, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199910000-00002

M. Blaha, D. Lazar, R. Winn, and S. Ghatan, Hemorrhagic Complications of Intracranial Pressure Monitors in Children, Pediatric Neurosurgery, vol.39, issue.1, pp.27-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1159/000070877

R. Anderson, P. Kan, P. Klimo, D. Brockmeyer, M. Walker et al., Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in children with head trauma, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, vol.101, issue.2, pp.53-61, 2004.
DOI : 10.3171/ped.2004.101.2.0053

O. Chaiwat, D. Sharma, Y. Udomphorn, W. Armstead, and M. Vavilala, Cerebral Hemodynamic Predictors of Poor 6-Month Glasgow Outcome Score in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.26, issue.5, pp.657-63, 2009.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2008.0770

M. Vavilala, M. Kernic, J. Wang, N. Kannan, R. Mink et al., Acute Care Clinical Indicators Associated With Discharge Outcomes in Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.42, issue.10, pp.2258-66, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000507

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4167478?pdf=render

P. Adelson, S. Bratton, N. Carney, R. Chesnut, H. Du-coudray et al., Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents. Chapter 2: trauma systems, pediatric trauma centers, and the neurosurgeon, Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.4, issue.3, pp.5-8, 2003.

J. Cruz, P. Nakayama, J. Imamura, K. Rosenfeld, H. De-souza et al., Cerebral Extraction of Oxygen and Intracranial Hypertension in Severe, Acute, Pediatric Brain Trauma: Preliminary Novel Management Strategies, Neurosurgery, vol.2, issue.4, pp.774-783, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0

P. Kochanek, N. Carney, P. Adelson, S. Ashwal, M. Bell et al., Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolescents ? second edition, Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-82, 2012.

K. Welch, The intracranial pressure in infants, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.71, issue.10, pp.693-702, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-66086-3_97

D. Nakayama, W. Copes, and W. Sacco, Differences in trauma care among pediatric and nonpediatric trauma centers, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.27, issue.4, pp.427-458, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3468(92)90328-5

D. Johnson and S. Krishnamurthy, Send Severely Head-Injured Children to a Pediatric Trauma Center, Pediatric Neurosurgery, vol.25, issue.6, pp.309-323, 1996.
DOI : 10.1159/000121145

J. Hall, H. Reyes, J. Meller, D. Loeff, and R. Dembek, The outcome for children with blunt trauma is best at a pediatric trauma center, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.31, issue.1, pp.72-78, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90322-X

F. Hulka, R. Mullins, N. Mann, J. Hedges, R. D. Worrall et al., Influence of a Statewide Trauma System on Pediatric Hospitalization and Outcome, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.42, issue.3, pp.514-523, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-199703000-00020

D. Potoka, L. Schall, and H. Ford, Improved Functional Outcome for Severely Injured Children Treated at Pediatric Trauma Centers, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.51, issue.5, pp.824-856, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200111000-00002

D. Potoka, L. Schall, M. Gardner, P. Stafford, A. Peitzman et al., Impact of Pediatric Trauma Centers on Mortality in a Statewide System, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.49, issue.2, pp.237-282, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200008000-00009

G. Orliaguet, P. Meyer, S. Blanot, E. Schmautz, B. Charron et al., Validity of applying TRISS analysis to paediatric blunt trauma patients managed in a French paediatric level I trauma centre, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.4, pp.743-50, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340100905

T. Osler, D. Vane, J. Tepas, F. Rogers, S. Shackford et al., Do Pediatric Trauma Centers Have Better Survival Rates than Adult Trauma Centers? An Examination of the National Pediatric Trauma Registry, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.50, issue.1, pp.96-101, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200101000-00017

D. Vernon, R. Bolte, E. Scaife, and K. Hansen, Alternative Model for a Pediatric Trauma Center, Pediatric Emergency Care, vol.21, issue.1, pp.18-22, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.pec.0000150983.96357.83

T. Oyetunji, A. Haider, S. Downing, O. Bolorunduro, D. Efron et al., Treatment outcomes of injured children at adult level 1 trauma centers: are there benefits from added specialized care?, The American Journal of Surgery, vol.201, issue.4, pp.445-454, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.10.006

J. Densmore, H. Lim, K. Oldham, and K. Guice, Outcomes and delivery of care in pediatric injury, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.41, issue.1, pp.92-100, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.013

E. Pracht, J. Tepas-3rd, B. Langland-orban, L. Simpson, P. Pieper et al., Do pediatric patients with trauma in Florida have reduced mortality rates when treated in designated trauma centers?, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.43, issue.1, pp.212-233, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.09.047

N. Wang, O. Saynina, L. Vogel, C. Newgard, J. Bhattacharya et al., The effect of trauma center care on pediatric injury mortality in California, 1999 to 2011, Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol.75, issue.4, pp.704-720, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e31829a0a65