C. Mordant, M. Pernot, and V. , , pp.71-82

J. Beaulieu, Contribution pollenanalytique a ` l'histoire Tardiglaciaire et Holocène de la végétation des Alpes méridionales françaises, 1977.

H. H. Birks, The importance of plant macrofossils in the reconstruction of late glacial vegetation and climate: examples from, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.22, pp.453-473, 2003.

H. H. Birks and H. J. Birks, Future uses of pollen analysis must include plant macrofossils, Journal of Biogeography, vol.27, pp.31-35, 2000.

J. J. Blackford, Charcoal fragments in surface samples following a fire and the implications for interpretation of subfossil charcoal data, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.164, pp.33-42, 2000.

A. Breeching and A. Riols, Alpes de Haute-Provence. Circulation et identité culturelles alpines a ` la fin de la préhistoire -Matériaux pour une e ´tude, Programme CIRCALP, pp.399-402, 1997.

C. A. Burga, Frühe menschliche Spuren in der subalpinen Stufe des Hinterrheins, Geographica Helvetica, vol.2, pp.93-96, 1976.

C. A. Burga, Swiss vegetation history during the last 18000 years, The New Phytologist, vol.110, pp.581-602, 1988.

S. Camaret, B. Guérin, and D. Leclerc, Mise en e ´vidence de l'impact du casse-noix moucheté (Nucifraga caryocatactes L.) sur la distribution spatiale de la régénération du pin cembro (Pinus cembra L.). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique Française, vol.123, pp.383-392, 1998.

C. Carcaillet, Evolution de l'organisation spatiale des communautés végétales d'altitude depuis 7000 ans BP dans la vallée de la Maurienne (Alpes de Savoie, France): une analyse pédoanthracologique, vol.3, 1996.

C. Carcaillet, A spatially precise study of Holocene fire history, climate and human impact within the Maurienne valley, Journal of Ecology, vol.86, pp.384-396, 1998.

C. Carcaillet, Are Holocene wood-charcoal fragments stratified in alpine and subalpine soils? Evidence from the Alps based on AMS 14 C dates. The Holocene, vol.11, pp.231-242, 2001.

C. Carcaillet, Soil particles reworking evidences by AMS 14 C dating of charcoal. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, Série Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, vol.332, pp.21-28, 2001.

C. Carcaillet and J. Brun, Changes in landscape structure in the northwestern Alps over the last 7000 years: lessons from soil charcoal, Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol.11, pp.233-244, 2000.

C. Carcaillet and B. Talon, Soil carbon sequestration by Holocene fires inferred from soil charcoal in the dry French Alps, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol.33, pp.282-288, 2001.

C. Carcaillet and M. Thinon, Pedoanthracological contribution to the study of the evolution of the upper treeline in the Maurienne Valley (North French Alps): methodology and preliminary results, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol.91, pp.399-416, 1996.

C. Carcaillet, B. Talon, and M. Barbero, Pinus cembra et incendies au cours de l'Holocène, 300 m au-dessus de la limite actuelle des arbres dans les Alpes du nord-ouest. Ecologie, vol.29, pp.277-282, 1998.

A. L. Carnelli, J. Theurillat, M. Thinon, G. Vadi, and B. Talon, Past uppermost tree limit in the Central European Alps (Switzerland) based on soil and soil charcoal. The Holocene, vol.14, pp.393-405, 2004.

P. E. Carrara, D. A. Trimble, and M. Rubin, Holocene treeline fluctuations in the northern San Juan mountains, Colorado, USA, as indicated by radiocarbon-dated conifer wood, Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.23, pp.233-246, 1991.

E. Chas, Atlas de la flore des Hautes-Alpes, Conservatoire botanique national de Gap-Charance, 1994.

J. S. Clark, J. Lynch, B. J. Stocks, and J. G. Goldammer, Relationships between charcoal particles in air sediments in west-central Siberia. The Holocene, vol.8, pp.19-29, 1998.

L. Contini and Y. Lavarello, Le pin cembro. Répartition, e ´cologie, sylviculture et production, 1982.

M. Coû-teaux, Recherches pollenanalytiques en Oisans: le plateau de Brande (Alpes d'Huez, vol.115, pp.91-106, 1982.

M. Coû-teaux, Présence, datages et signification phytosociologique de macrorestes de Pinus et pollen de Pinus cembra L., a ` 2050 m dans le vallon de la Lavey, pp.55-62, 1984.

C. Crocq, Le Casse-noix moucheté. Lechevalier-Chabaub, 1990.

F. David, Vegetation dynamics in the northern French Alps, Historical Biology, vol.9, pp.91-106, 1995.

L. Didier, Invasion patterns of European larch and Swiss stone pine in subalpine pastures in the French Alps, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.145, pp.67-77, 2001.

S. Fauquette and B. Talon, Histoire de la végétation forestière d'un site du Briançonnais: le Lac de Cristol (Hautes-Alpes, France), Académie des Sciences, vol.321, pp.255-262, 1995.

F. Fedele, Peuplement et circulation des matériaux dans les Alpes occidentales du Mésolithique a ` l'Age du Bronze. Circulation et identité culturelles alpines a ` la fin de la préhistoire, Matériaux pour une e ´tude, pp.331-357, 1997.

C. Carcaillet and B. Talon, Stratigraphie et datations de charbons de bois dans les Alpes: quelques aspects ta, 1996.

E. Furrer, Problem um der Rückgang der Arve (Pinus cembra L, den Schweiser Alpen. Annales Suisses de Recherches Forestières, vol.31, pp.669-705, 1955.

M. A. Geurts and A. Watelet, Les travertins de Coal River Springs: physico-chimie des eaux, Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol.48, pp.225-283, 1997.

E. Gobet, W. Tinner, P. A. Hochuli, J. F. Van-leeuwen, and B. Ammann, Middle to Late Holocene vegetation history of the upper Engadine (Swiss Alps). The role of Man and fire, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol.12, pp.143-163, 2003.

J. Guendon, A. A. Ali, P. Roiron, J. Terral, A. D'anna et al., Les travertins de Saint-Antonin: séquence climato-anthropique holocène, vol.41, pp.1-14, 2003.

J. N. Haas, I. Richoz, W. Tinner, and L. Wick, Synchronous Holocene climatic oscillations recorded on the Swiss Plateau and at the timberline in the Alps. The Holocene, vol.8, pp.301-304, 1998.

O. Heiri, L. Wick, J. F. Van-leeuwen, W. O. Van-der-knaap, and A. F. Lotter, Holocene tree immigration and the chironomid fauna of a small Swiss subalpine lake (Hinterburgsee, 1515 m asl), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.189, pp.35-53, 2003.

S. Hicks, The use of annual arboreal pollen deposition values for delimiting tree-lines in the landscape and exploring models of pollen dispersal, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol.117, pp.1-29, 2001.

F. Holtmeier and G. Broll, The influence of tree islands and microtopography on pedoecological conditions in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.24, pp.216-228, 1992.

S. T. Jackson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb, . Iii, S. E. Keatch et al., Mapped plant-macrofossil and pollen records of Late Quaternary vegetation change in eastern North America, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.16, pp.1-70, 1997.

C. Jacquiot, Atlas d'anatomie du bois des conifères, 1955.

L. Kullman, Holocene tree-limit and climate history from the Scandes mountains, Sweden. Ecology, vol.76, pp.2490-2502, 1995.

L. Kullman, Norway spruce present in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden at 8000 BP: new light on Holocene tree spread, Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, vol.5, pp.94-101, 1996.

L. Kullman, The geoecological history of Picea abies in northern Sweden and adjacent parts of Norway. A contrarian hypothesis of postglacial tree immigration patterns, Geoöko, vol.21, pp.141-172, 2001.

L. Kullman, Boreal tree taxa in central Scandes during the Late-Glacial: implication for Late-Quaternary forest history, Journal of Biogeography, vol.29, pp.1117-1124, 2002.

V. C. Lamarche, Holocene variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White mountains, California. Quaternary Research, vol.3, pp.632-660, 1973.

V. C. Lamarche and H. Mooney, Recent climatic change and development of the Bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey) Krummhloz zone, vol.4, pp.61-72, 1972.

P. Leveau and J. M. Martinez, Occupation du sol et pastoralisme de la Préhistoire au Moyen Age sur le versant sud des Alpes françaises, Bilan Scientifique SRA-PACA, pp.58-59, 2002.

J. A. Lynch, J. S. Clark, and B. J. Stocks, Charcoal production, dispersal, and deposition from the Fort Providence experimental fire: interpreting fire regimes from charcoal records in boreal forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.34, pp.1642-1656, 2004.

F. Magnin, J. Guendon, J. Vaudour, and P. Martin, Les travertins: accumulations carbonatées associées aux systèmes karstiques, séquences sédimentaires et paléoenvir-onnements quaternaires, vol.162, pp.585-594, 1991.

M. Magny, C. Bégeot, J. Guiot, A. Marguet, and Y. Billaud, Reconstruction and palaeoclimatic interpretation of mid-Holocene vegetation and lake-level changes at SaintJorioz, lake Annecy, French pre-Alps. The Holocene, vol.13, pp.265-275, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01457708

H. Mattes, Coevolutional aspects of stone pines and nutcracker, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and their Environment: The Status of our Knowledge, pp.31-35, 1994.

D. Moe, Pollen production of Alnus incana at its south Norwegian altitudinal ecotone, Grana, vol.37, pp.35-39, 1998.

R. Motta and P. Nola, Growth trends and dynamics in sub-alpine forest stands in the Varaita Valley (Piedmont, Italy) and their relationships with human activities and global change, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.12, pp.219-230, 2001.

T. Nakagawa, J. Edouard, and J. De-beaulieu, A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of sediments from Lake Cristol, southern French Alps, with special reference to the identification of Pinus cembra and other Alpine Pinus species based on SEM pollen morphology, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol.108, pp.1-15, 2000.

B. V. Odgaard, Palaeoecological perspective on pattern and process in plant diversity and distribution adjustments: a comment on recent developments, Diversity and Distributions, vol.7, pp.197-201, 2001.

K. Oeggl, The palynological record of human impact highland zone ecosystems. Highland zone exploitation in Southern Europe, Monografie di Natura Bresciana, vol.20, pp.107-122, 1994.

M. Ohlson and E. Tryterud, Interpretation of charcoal record in forest soils: forest fires and their production and deposition of macroscopic charcoal. The Holocene, vol.10, pp.519-525, 2000.

S. Payette and R. Gagnon, Late Holocene deforestation and tree regeneration in the forest-tundra of Quebec, Nature, vol.313, pp.570-572, 1985.

O. Polunin and M. Walters, A guide to the vegetation of Britain and Europe, 1986.

J. C. Rameau, D. Mansion, G. Dume, J. Timbal, A. Lecointe et al., Flore forestière française: guide e ´cologique illustré, vol.2, 1993.

J. C. Ritchie, Current trends in studies of long-term plant community dynamics, The New Phytologist, vol.130, pp.469-494, 1995.

F. H. Schweingruber, Anatomie of European woods, 1990.

U. Segerström and H. Von-stedingk, Early-Holocene spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., in west central Sweden as revealed by pollen analysis. The Holocene, vol.13, pp.897-906, 2003.

H. Seppä and H. J. Birks, July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstruction. The Holocene, vol.11, pp.527-539, 2001.

M. Stuiver, P. J. Reimer, E. Bard, J. Beck, G. S. Burr et al., Extended 14C data base and revised Calib 4.2 14C age calibration programme, Radiocarbon, vol.40, pp.1041-1083, 1998.

B. Talon, Evolution des zones supra-forestières des Alpes sud-occidentales au cours de l'Holocène, analyse pédoanth-racologique, vol.3, 1997.

B. Talon, C. Carcaillet, and M. Thinon, Apport de la pédoanthracologie a ` l'e ´tude des variations de la limite supérieure des arbres au cours des derniers millénaires dans les Alpes françaises, Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol.52, pp.195-208, 1998.

E. Thirault, Le Rocher du Château au Néolithique. Bessans Jadis et Aujourd'hui, vol.51, pp.57-69, 2004.

W. Tranquillini, Physiological ecology of the Alpine timberline, 1979.

K. D. Vorren, B. Mørkved, and S. Bortenschlager, Human impact on the Holocene forest in the Central Alps. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol.2, pp.145-156, 1993.

S. Wegmüller, Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen zur spät und postglazialen Vegetationgeschichte der französischen Alpen (Dauphiné), 1977.

L. Wick and W. Tinner, Vegetation changes and timberline fluctuations in the central alps as indicators of Holocene climatic oscillations, Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.29, pp.445-458, 1997.

, BIOSKETCHES

A. Adam, Ali is a lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. His main research interests concern the reconstruction of palaeoecosystems based on geobotanical analyses (geomorphology and palaeobotany) of travertine deposits