Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window

W. Ackermann , G. Asova (1) , V. Ayvazyan (2) , A. Azima , N. Baboi , J. Bähr (1) , V. Balandin , B. Beutner , A. Brandt , A. Bolzmann , R. Brinkmann (3) , I. Brovko , M. Castellano (4) , P. Castro , L. Catani , E. Chiadroni (5) , S. Choroba (3) , A. Cianchi (5) , T. Costello , D. Cubaynes , J. Dardis , W. Decking , Alice Delserieys (6) , H. Delsim-Hashemi , G. Di Pirro (5) , M. Dohlus , S. Düsterer (3) , A. Eckhardt , H. Edwards , B. Faatz , J. Feldhaus , K. Flöttmann (3) , J. Frisch , L. Fröhlich , T. Garvey (7) , U. Gensch (1) , Ch. Gerth , M. Görler , N. Golubeva , H. Grabosch , M. Grecki , O. Grimm , K. Hacker , U. Hahn , H. Han , K. Honkavaara , T. Hott (8) , M. Hüning , Y. Ivanisenko (1) , E. Jaeschke , W. Jalmuzna , T. Jezynski , R. Kammering , V. Katalev (3) , K. Kavanagh , T. Kennedy , S. Khodyachykh (1) , K. Klose (1) , V. Kocharyan , M. Körfer , M. Kollewe , W. Koprek (3) , S. Korepanov (1) , D. Kostin (3) , M. Krassilnikov (1) , G. Kube , M. Kuhlmann , S. Lewis , L. Lilje (3) , T. Limberg , D. Lipka , F. Löhl , H. Luna (9) , M. Luong (10) , M. Corriea Martins (11) , M. Meyer , P. Michelato (12) , V. Miltchev , W. Möller , L. Monaco , W. Müller , O. Napieralski , O. Napoly (13) , P. Nicolosi (14) , D. Nölle , T. Nuñez , A. Oppelt (1) , C. Pagani , R. Paparella (12) , N. Pchalek , J. Pedregosa-Gutierrez (15) , B. Petersen , B. Petrosyan (1) , G. Petrosyan , L. Petrosyan , J. Pflüger , E. Plönjes , L. Poletto (1) , K. Pozniak (16) , E. Prat , D. Proch , P. Pucyk (3) , P. Radcliffe , H. Redlin (3) , K. Rehlich , M. Richter (17) , M. Roehrs , J. Roensch , R. Romaniuk , M. Ross , J. Rossbach (18) , V. Rybnikov , M. Sachwitz (1) , E. Saldin , W. Sandner , H. Schlarb (3) , B. Schmidt , M. Schmitz , P. Schmüser , R. Schneider (19) , A. Schneidmiller , S. Schnepp , S. Schreiber (3) , M. Seidel , D. Sertore , A. Shabunov , C. Simon (20) , S. Simrock (3) , E. Sombrowski , A. Sorokin (21) , P. Spanknebel , R. Spesyvtsev (1) , L. Staykov (1) , B. Steffen (22) , F. Stephan (1) , F. Stulle , H. Thom , K. Tiedtke (3) , M. Tischer , S. Toleikis (3) , R. Treusch (3) , D. Trines , I. Tsakov , E. Vogel (3) , T. Weiland , H. Weise (3) , M. Wellhöfer , M. Wendt , I. Will , A. Winter , K. Wittenburg , W. Wurth , P. Yeates , M. Yurkov , I. Zagorodnov , K. Zapfe

1 DESY - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Zeuthen]
2 I2M - Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux
3 DESY - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron [Hamburg]
4 OAR - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
5 LNF - Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati = National Laboratory of Frascati
6 ADEF - Apprentissage, Didactique, Evaluation, Formation
7 LAL - Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire
8 CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research
9 DCC - UFMG - Departamento de Ciência da Computação [Minas Gerais]
10 DAPNIA - Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée
11 UMA - Universidade da Madeira
12 INFN - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
13 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
14 IFN - CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies
15 PIIM - Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires
16 Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw]
17 UC Davis - University of California [Davis]
18 GSI - Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
19 LRGP - Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés
20 DrillScan
21 BIOVERT - BIOVERT
22 TU - Technische Universität Dortmund [Dortmund]

We report results on the performance of a free-electron laser operating at a wavelength of 13.7 nm where unprecedented peak and average powers for a coherent extreme-ultraviolet radiation source have been measured. In the saturation regime, the peak energy approached 170 J for individual pulses, and the average energy per pulse reached 70 J. The pulse duration was in the region of 10 fs, and peak powers of 10 GW were achieved. At a pulse repetition frequency of 700 pulses per second, the average extreme-ultraviolet power reached 20 mW. The output beam also contained a significant contribution from odd harmonics of approximately 0.6% and 0.03% for the 3rd (4.6 nm) and the 5th (2.75 nm) harmonics, respectively. At 2.75 nm the 5th harmonic of the radiation reaches deep into the water window, a wavelength range that is crucially important for the investigation of biological samples.

Domaines: Enseignement de la physique [physics.ed-ph]; Physique des accélérateurs [physics.acc-ph]

W. Ackermann, G. Asova, V. Ayvazyan, A. Azima, N. Baboi, et al.. Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window. Nature Photonics, 2007, pp.336-342. ⟨10.1038/nphoton.2007.76⟩. ⟨hal-01794706⟩