, Notes 1 Translation by Caroline Mackenzie

, Two important studies, with further bibliography, pp.1400-1800, 2008.

, The Return of the Guilds, vol.53, p.16, 2008.

L. Fontaine and L. Marché, Histoire et usages d'une conquête sociale, 2014.

, Household Strategies for Survival 1600-2000: Fission, Faction and Cooperation, special issue of International Review of Social History 45, vol.8, 2000.

, Danielle van den Heuvel, Women and Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in the Northern Netherlands, pp.1580-1815, 2007.

M. W. Wood, Paltry Peddlers or Essential Merchants?, Women in the Distributive Trades in Early Modern Nuremberg, vol.12, 1981.

C. Crowston and . Women, Gender, and Guilds in Early Modern Europe: An Overview of Recent Research, The Return of the Guilds

D. Dumont, Women and Guilds in Bologna: The Ambiguities of "Marginality, Radical History Review, vol.70, 1998.

, Elizabeth Musgrave's study of Nantes reveals an increased participation of women in the corporations as a result of economic growth (in 1728, for instance, the tailors' guild created a mistresses' section): Elizabeth Musgrave, 'Women and the Craft Guilds in Eighteenth-Century Nantes, The Artisan and the European Town, 15001900, vol.16, 1989.

C. Crowston and F. Women, The Seamstresses of Old Regime France, pp.1675-1791, 2001.

, Female Agency in the Urban Economy: Gender in European Towns, pp.1640-1830, 2013.

F. Bayard, Histoire de Lyon des origines à nos jours (Lyon: Éditions Lyonnaises d'Art et d'Histoire, p.589, 2007.

M. Garden, Lyon et les Lyonnais au XVIIIe siècle, p.594, 1970.

L. Garden, , p.326

D. T. Ferguson, The Body, the Corporate Idiom, and the Police of the Unincorporated Worker in Early Modern Lyons, French Historical Studies, vol.23, p.551, 2000.

F. Bayard, Les conflits du travail portés en justice, Lyon, XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, Le travail avant la révolution industrielle, p.605, 2006.

S. Beauvalet-boutouyrie, Être veuve sous l'Ancien Régime, pp.276-77, 2001.

J. M. Lanza, From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law, 2007.

. Archives-municipales-de-lyon, See also AML, vol.168, 1667.

, AML, vol.305, issue.266, 1679.

, While unmarried daughters under 25 (the legal age of majority) were minors under the authority of their father

, The term marchandes publiques was adopted from Parisian common law and used exclusively for women who sold goods not produced by their husbands. A married woman could enter into contracts, under these conditions, 'for her wares' (pour le fait de sa marchandise), which would, given the notion of prop-erty held in common

B. Basdevant, -. Gaudemet, and J. Gaudemet, Introduction historique au droit XIIIe-XXe siècles (Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, History Workshop Journal, vol.59, p.270, 2000.

A. L. Erickson, Women and Property in Early Modern England, vol.140, pp.58-69, 1993.

D. M. Hafter, Women Who Wove in the Eighteenth-Century Silk Industry of Lyon, p.47, 1995.

J. Budin, Les ouvrières de la soie à Lyon au XVIIIe siècle, pp.117-135

M. Garden, Ouvriers et artisans au XVIIIe siècle. L'exemple lyonnais et les problèmes de classification, Maurice Garden, un historien dans la ville, pp.88-91, 2008.

. Garden, Ouvriers et artisans au XVIIIe siècle, p.89

. Garden, Ouvriers et artisans au XVIIIe siècle, p.89

. Garden, Ouvriers et artisans au XVIIIe siècle, pp.89-91

, AML, vol.305, issue.264, 1667.

C. Crowston, Engendering the Guilds: Seamstresses, Tailors, and the Clash of Corporate Identities in Old Regime France, French Historical Studies, vol.23, pp.340-381, 2000.

, At the same time

A. , , p.1773, 1761.

, A similar phenomenon was seen in Nantes during the second half of the eigh-teenth century: Samuel Guicheteau, La révolution des ouvriers nantais: muta-tion économique, identité sociale et dynamique révolutionnaire, Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp.111-124, 2008.

A. , They were not allowed to take on apprentices or employ journeymen/women. Each woman had to pay the guild 9 livres as an 'entry fee' and an annual fee of 20 sols, 1682.

A. ,

, AML, 1 C 305 266, 1679.

A. , , 1708.

A. ,

L. Garden, , pp.558-169

, See for instance AML HH 224, vol.225, 1712.

A. , , 1757.

A. , , 1692.

A. , See also HH 215, vol.170, 1674.

A. , , 1700.

A. , , vol.168, 1682.

A. , , 1715.

A. , , vol.260, 1761.

A. , , 1750.

L. Garden, , p.561

F. Crowston and . Women, , pp.207-215

A. , , 1750.

D. Hafter, Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon, Enterprise & Society, vol.2, 2001.

, AML, pp.147-55

A. , , 1711.

. Hafter, , p.20

A. , See also Archives nationales (AN), F12 764 B, 1711.

A. , , 1727.

A. , , 1761.

A. and H. H. , , pp.1727-1755

A. , , 1760.

A. , , 1763.

A. , , 1711.

A. , , 1765.

A. , , 1763.

A. , , 1743.

G. Riello and . Cotton, The Fabric that Made the Modern World, 2013.

B. Lemire, Fashion's Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, pp.29-42, 1991.

B. Lemire and G. Riello, East & West: Textiles and Fashion in Early Modern Europe, Journal of Social History, vol.41, p.898, 2008.

, The embargo was lifted in 1759 following a long debate on free trade, known as the querelle des toiles peintes (dispute over painted cloth). However, because calicos had to pay heavy taxes on entering France after 1759

, Intendants were the king's agents in the provinces. They were, inter alia, responsible for the repression of smuggling

A. , Olivier Le Gouic, 'La contrebande des indiennes à Lyon au temps de la prohibition, Territoires Marguerite Figeac-Monthus and Christophe Lastécouères, pp.86-87, 1739.

, Archives départementales du Rhône (ADR), 1 C 249, 1725.

. Archives-départementales-de-la-drôme, , vol.1304, p.1752, 1748.

J. Hardwick, Seeking Separations: Gender, Marriage, and Household Economies in Early Modern France, French Historical Studies, vol.21, pp.160-61, 1998.

, See for instance Phillips, ADR, 1 C 279, pp.118-137, 1718.

, ADR, 1 C 279, 1718.

, ADR, 5 C, vol.12, 1756.

, ADR, vol.12, 1756.

, ADR, 5 C, vol.12, 1756.

, The same phenomenon was found in Paris: Philippe Haudrère, ADR, 1 C 277, vol.5, 1722.

, L'industrie et ses patrons XVIe-XXe siècle. Mélanges offerts à Serge Chassagne (Valenciennes: Presses universitaires de Valenciennes, pp.178-79, 2009.

, ADR, 1 C 277, 1722.

, ADR, vol.12, 1756.

, ADR, 1 C 277, 1722.

A. , , 1741.

, Archives départementales de l'Isère (ADI), 2 C 101, 1757.

O. Hufton, Women Without Men: Widows and Spinsters in Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century, Journal of Family History, vol.9, pp.158-162, 1984.

, ADR, 1 C 277, p.1722

, ADR, 1 C 277, 1723.

. Crowston, Fabricating Women; Musgrave
DOI : 10.1215/9780822383062

C. Zaidman, Ensemble et séparés', Preface to Erving Goffman, L'arrangement des sexes, p.9, 2002.

C. Crowston, Engendering the Guilds: Seamstresses, Tailors, and the Clash of Corporate Identities in Old Regime France, Fabricating Women. The Seamstresses of Old Regime France, vol.23, pp.1675-1791, 2000.

N. C. Durham, , 2001.

S. R. Epstein and M. Prak, Lyon et les Lyonnais au XVIIIe siècle, Ouvriers et artisans au XVIIIe siècle. L'exemple lyonnais et les problèmes de classification'. In Maurice Garden, un historien dans la ville, pp.1400-1800, 1970.

L. Fontaine, P. Bourdelais, and O. Faure, Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, pp.87-112, 2008.

D. Hafter, Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon', Enterprise & Society, vol.2, pp.11-40, 2001.

J. Hardwick, Seeking Separations: Gender, Marriage, and Household Economies in Early Modern France, French Historical Studies, vol.21, pp.157-80, 1998.

. Heuvel, Women and Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in the Northern Netherlands, c. 1580-1815, 2007.

J. M. Lanza, From Wives to Widows in Early Modern Paris: Gender, Economy, and Law, 2007.

E. Musgrave, Women and the Craft Guilds in Eighteenth-Century Nantes, The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, pp.151-71, 2007.

, Female Agency in the Urban Economy: Gender in European Towns, pp.1640-1830, 2013.

W. Wood and M. , Paltry Peddlers or Essential Merchants?, Women in the Distributive Trades in Early Modern Nuremberg, vol.12, pp.3-13, 1981.