Tracking shoreline erosion of “at risk” coastal archaeology: the example of ancient Siraf (Iran, Persian Gulf)

Majid Pourkerman (1, 2) , Nick Marriner (3) , Christophe Morhange (2) , Morteza Djamali (4) , Sedighe Amjadi (5) , Hamid Lahijani (1) , Abdolmajid Naderi Beni (6, 1) , Matteo Vacchi (7) , Hossein Tofighian (8) , Majid Shah-Hoesseini (9)

1 INIOAS - Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences
2 CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement
3 LCE - Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249)
4 IMBE - Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale
5 FUM - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
6 Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
7 University of Exeter
8 Iranian Centre of Archaeological Science, Tehran, Iran
9 Department of Geomorphology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Successful heritage management requires a robust comprehension of the threats facing archaeological sites, at both current and future timescales. Siraf, on the Persian Gulf of Iran, is a site of national and international importance whose history stretches back to the Sassanid period (224-652 AD). In the present context of global change (drought and relative sea-level rise) and anthropogenic impacts (coastal artificialization and reduced sediment supply), the city's waterfront archaeology is undergoing significant erosion. Nonetheless, at present, the processes leading to the loss of Siraf's in situ archaeological remains are still poorly understood, including the rates, timing and drivers of coastal erosion. Here we use Landsat images to monitor shoreline changes along the Siraf coastline between 1973 and 2016. We spatially quantify the causes and impacts of surface changes along 244 transects. The results demonstrate that coastal erosion is responsible for widespread and archaeologically significant damage, with 48% of the studied transects showing erosion during the period 1973-2016. We elucidate significant temporal variations in the data and, most notably, demonstrate that continued drought since the early 2000s has impacted upon sediment supply to coastal areas, severely accentuating erosion. For instance, between 2003 and 2016, 70% of transects recorded shoreline retreat with worrying implications for the waterfront archaeology of Siraf. These quantitative results provide invaluable spatial information regarding the causes and impacts of erosion upon Siraf's waterfront heritage, in addition to furnishing a template for the protection of the city's internationally important cultural heritage.

Keywords: Erosion; GIS; Coasts; Waterfront archaeology; Remote sensing; Geography; Heritage management; Protection; Iran; Persian Gulf

Domains: Environmental Sciences

Majid Pourkerman, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange, Morteza Djamali, Sedighe Amjadi, et al.. Tracking shoreline erosion of “at risk” coastal archaeology: the example of ancient Siraf (Iran, Persian Gulf). Applied Geography, 2018, 101, pp.45-55. ⟨10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.10.008⟩. ⟨hal-02081222⟩