A. L. Alldredge and Y. Cohen, Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea? Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets, Science, vol.235, pp.689-691, 1987.

W. E. Balch, G. E. Fox, L. J. Magrum, C. R. Woese, and R. S. Wolfe, Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group. Microbiol, Mol. Biol. Rev, vol.43, pp.260-296, 1979.

A. D. Baughn and M. H. Malamy, The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen, Nature, vol.427, pp.441-444, 2004.

D. A. Bazylinski and R. B. Frankel, Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.2, pp.217-230, 2004.

B. B. Benson and D. Krause, The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.29, pp.620-632, 1984.

R. P. Blakemore, K. A. Short, D. A. Bazylinski, C. Rosenblatt, and R. B. Frankel, Microaerobic conditions are required for magnetite formation within Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum, Geomicrobiol. J, vol.4, pp.53-71, 1985.

A. Brune, D. Emerson, and J. A. Breznak, The termite gut microflora as an oxygen sink: microelectrode determination of oxygen and pH gradients in guts of lower and higher termites, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.61, pp.2681-2687, 1995.

A. Brune, P. Frenzel, and H. Cypionka, Life at the oxic -anoxic interface: microbial activities and adaptations, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.24, 2000.

S. Bury-moné, O. Kaakoush-nadeem, C. Asencio, F. Mégraud, M. Thibonnier et al., Is Helicobacter pylori a true microaerophile, Helicobacter, vol.11, pp.296-303, 2006.

M. Charrier and A. Brune, The gut microenvironment of helicid snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): in-situ profiles of pH, oxygen, and hydrogen determined by microsensors, Can. J. Zool, vol.81, pp.928-935, 2003.

M. Deshpande, E. Calenoff, and L. Daniels, Rapid large-scale growth of Helicobacter pylori in flasks and fermentors, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.61, pp.2431-2435, 1995.

P. G. Falkowski, T. Algeo, L. Codispoti, C. Deutsch, S. Emerson et al., Ocean deoxygenation: past, present, and future, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, vol.92, pp.409-410, 2011.

T. Fenchel and B. Finlay, Oxygen and the spatial structure of microbial communities, Biol. Rev, vol.83, pp.553-569, 2008.

U. Heyen and D. Schüler, Growth and magnetosome formation by microaerophilic Magnetospirillum strains in an oxygen-controlled fermentor, 2003.

, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, vol.61, pp.536-544

R. E. Hungate, A roll-tube method for the cultivation of strict anaerobes, Methods in Microbiology, pp.117-132, 1969.

B. Ji, S. Zhang, P. Arnoux, Z. Rouy, F. Alberto et al., Comparative genomic analysis provides insights into the evolution and niche adaptation of marine Magnetospira sp. QH-2 strain, Environ. Microbiol, vol.16, pp.525-544, 2014.

N. R. Krieg, G. , and P. , Solid, liquid/solid, and semisolid culture, Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, 1994.

W. A. Murray, N. R. Wood, and . Kreig, , pp.216-223

N. R. Krieg and P. S. Hoffman, Microaerophily and oxygen toxicity, Ann. Rev. Microbiol, vol.40, 1986.

M. Kühl, L. F. Rickelt, and R. Thar, Combined imaging of bacteria and oxygen in biofilms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.73, pp.6289-6295, 2007.

M. M. Kuzma, S. Hunt, and D. B. Layzell, Role of oxygen in the limitation and inhibition of nitrogenase activity and respiration rate in individual soybean nodules, Plant Physiol, vol.101, pp.161-169, 1993.

Y. Li, E. Katzmann, S. Borg, and D. Schüler, The periplasmic nitrate reductase nap is required for anaerobic growth and involved in redox control of magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, J. Bacteriol, vol.194, pp.4847-4856, 2012.

J. M. Macy, J. E. Snellen, and R. E. Hungate, Use of syringe methods for anaerobiosis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, vol.25, pp.1318-1323, 1972.

A. Marchini, P. Massari, R. Manetti, and R. Olivieri, Optimized conditions for the fermentation of Helicobacter pylori and production of vacuolating cytotoxin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett, vol.124, pp.55-59, 1994.

B. Marteyn, N. P. West, D. F. Browning, J. A. Cole, J. G. Shaw et al., Modulation of Shigella virulence in response to available oxygen in vivo, Nature, vol.465, pp.355-358, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00493767

F. R. Minchin, J. E. Sheehy, M. I. Minguez, and J. F. Witty, Characterization of the resistance to oxygen diffusion in legume nodules, Ann. Bot, vol.55, pp.53-60, 1985.

R. L. Morris and T. M. Schmidt, Shallow breathing: bacterial life at low O2, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.11, pp.205-212, 2013.

H. Ploug, Small-scale oxygen fluxes and remineralization in sinking aggregates, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.46, pp.1624-1631, 2001.

H. Ploug, M. Iversen, and G. Fischer, Ballast, sinking velocity and apparent diffusivity in marine snow and zooplankton fecal pellets: Implications for substrate turnover by attached bacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr, vol.53, pp.1878-1886, 2008.

K. H. Schleifer, D. Schüler, S. Spring, M. Weizenegger, R. Amann et al., The genus Magnetospirillum gen. nov. Description of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense sp. nov. and transfer of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum to Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum comb, nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol, vol.14, issue.11, pp.80313-80322, 1991.

S. Schübbe, C. Würdemann, J. Peplies, U. Heyen, C. Wawer et al., Transcriptional organization and regulation of magnetosome operons in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.72, pp.5757-5765, 2006.

D. Schüler and E. Baeuerlein, Dynamics of iron uptake and Fe3O4 biomineralization during aerobic and microaerobic growth of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, J. Bacteriol, vol.180, pp.159-162, 1998.

D. Schüler, R. Uhl, and E. Bäuerlein, A simple light scattering method to assay magnetism in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, FEMS Microbiol. Lett, vol.132, pp.139-145, 1995.

E. Soupène, M. Foussard, P. Boistard, G. Truchet, and J. Batut, Oxygen as a key developmental regulator of Rhizobium meliloti N2-fixation gene expression within the alfalfa root nodule, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.92, pp.3759-3763, 1995.

P. S. Stewart and M. J. Franklin, Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.6, pp.199-210, 2008.

J. Sun, F. Zhao, T. Tang, W. Jiang, J. Tian et al., Highyield growth and magnetosome formation by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 in an oxygen-controlled fermentor supplied solely with air, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, vol.79, pp.389-397, 2008.

J. M. Tiedje, A. J. Sexstone, T. B. Parkin, and N. P. Revsbech, Anaerobic processes in soil, Plant Soil, vol.76, pp.197-212, 1984.

P. Van-den-abbeele, T. Van-de-wiele, W. Verstraete, and S. Possemiers, The host selects mucosal and luminal associations of coevolved gut microorganisms: a novel concept, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.35, pp.681-704, 2011.

L. Verhoeff-bakkenes, A. P. Arends, J. L. Snoep, M. H. Zwietering, and R. De-jonge, Pyruvate relieves the necessity of high induction levels of catalase and enables Campylobacter jejuni to grow under fully aerobic conditions, Lett. Appl. Microbiol, vol.46, pp.377-382, 2008.

J. T. Wertz and J. A. Breznak, Physiological ecology of Stenoxybacter acetivorans, an obligate microaerophile in termite guts, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.73, pp.6829-6841, 2007.

S. Wiles, K. M. Pickard, K. Peng, T. T. Macdonald, and G. Frankel, In vivo bioluminescence imaging of the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, Infect. Immun, vol.74, pp.5391-5396, 2006.

J. Xie, K. Chen, C. , and X. , Production, modification and bio-applications of magnetic nanoparticles gestated by magnetotactic bacteria, Nano Res, vol.2, pp.261-278, 2009.

C. Yang, H. Takeyama, T. Tanaka, and T. Matsunaga, Effects of growth medium composition, iron sources and atmospheric oxygen concentrations on production of luciferase-bacterial magnetic particle complex by a recombinant Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, Enzyme Microb. Technol, vol.29, pp.13-19, 2001.

K. Zhu, H. Pan, J. Li, K. Yu-zhang, S. Zhang et al., Isolation and characterization of a marine magnetotactic spirillum axenic culture QH-2 from an intertidal zone of the China Sea, Res. Microbiol, vol.161, pp.276-283, 2010.