R. Odihr and . Federation, The entire process of resolving complaints at the CEC lacked transparency and did not afford complainants the right to an effective or timely remedy". An absence of thorough investigation of electoral malpractice was denounced in OSCE/ODIHR, Russian Federation, State Duma Elections, OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report, vol.15, p.20, 2011.

, Republican Party of Russia v. Russia, n o 12976/07, Judgment, 2011.

, Lashmankin and others v. Russia, n os 57818/09 and al, Judgment, 2017.

. Ecthr, Navalnyy v. Russia, n os 29580/12 and, 2018.

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy v, Judgment, issue.2, 2019.

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, n os 46632/13 and 28671/14, Judgment, 2014.

N. V. Russia and ;. , Navalnyy v. Russia, n os 29580/12 and al, ECtHR (Grand Chamber), issue.15, 2017.

;. Ecthr, O. V. Navalnyy, and . Russia, , 2017.

, 95-FZ, compatible with the Constitution (Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, No. 18-P, Ruling, Judgment, issue.7, 2004.

K. Markin-v.-russia, Judgment, 2010.

B. S. Ebzeyev, Republican Party of Russia v. Russia", or forfeited illusions of harmonious continuity of pan-European legal standards, Journal of Russian Law, vol.180, issue.12, pp.545-555, 2011.

, For a commentary, see Venice Commission, Interim Opinion on the Amendments to the Federal Constitutional Law on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, KFZ of 15 December 2015 amending the federal constitutional law No. 1-FKZ, vol.26, p.5, 2015.

. Comm, Communication from the applicant's representative (memorandum) in the case of Republican Party of Russia against Russian Federation (Application No. 12976/07), 2011.

D. Batty, Russian election protests -Saturday, The Guardian, 2011.

C. Ross, Regional elections in Russia?

, Judgment, 2012.

. Comm, Communication from the applicant's representative (memorandum) in the case of Republican Party of Russia against Russian Federation (Application No. 12976/07), 2011.

, President's address to the Federal Assembly, Opinion on the Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation, pp.2-98, 2011.

, Venice Commission, Opinion on the Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation, p.6

. Ibidem, , p.11

, Ministry of Justice suspended the registration of Navalnyy's "Popular Alliance, 2014.

, Ministry of Justice registered a "lookalike" of Navalnyy's party, 2018.

, They won't steal Russia of the Future from us

. Cf and . Supra,

, However, States' margin of appreciation is significantly larger in respect of restrictions on the right to stand for elections, suggesting compatibility of such restrictions with ECHR, see an overview of ECtHR's caselaw on the matter in ECtHR, 2005.

, Article 2 of the federal law No. 40-FZ of 2, 2012.

, 20-P, Ruling, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, 2013.

N. V. Russia, Judgment, issue.2, 2019.

, Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, n os 46632/13 and 28671/14, Judgment, 2016.

;. Ecthr, O. V. Navalnyy, and . Russia, , 2017.

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 95

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyye v. Russia, § 50

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 95

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyye v. Russia, § 49

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 115

. Ibidem,

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 108

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyye v. Russia, pp.64-67

. Ibidem,

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 128

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyye v. Russia, § 87

. Ecthr, Navalnyy v. Russia, n os 29580/12 and, pp.155-156, 2018.

N. V. Russia, ECtHR (section), Judgment, issue.2, p.89, 2019.

F. Tan-;-echr and . Blog, Guest Blog on Grand Chamber Judgment in Navalnyy v Russia, 2018.

, Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, joint partly dissenting opinion of judges Nicolaou

. Ecthr, Grand Chamber), Merabishvili v. Georgia, n o 72508/13, Judgment, 2017.

. Ibidem,

W. A. See and . Schabas, sq., stressing a "simmering dispute among members of the Court about the evidentiary requirements" and describing the case-law on Article 18 as "exceedingly sparse". A lack of clarity of travaux préparatoires as per its effects was stressed both by W. A. SCHABAS and by P. SANTOLAYA, Limitation on use of restrictions on rights/Limitation de l'usage des restrictions aux droits" in W. A. SCHABAS, The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary, pp.527-536, 2012.

. Ibidem,

. Ibidem, This solution was however criticized as lacking clarity in ECtHR

M. V. Georgia, Joint concurring opinion of judges Yudkivska, Tsotsoria and Vehabovic and Concurring opinion of judge, Serghides Goettingen Journal of International Law, vol.9, issue.1, pp.109-141, 2018.

F. Tan, The Dawn of Article 18 ECHR: A Safeguard Against European Rule of Law Backsliding?, p.124

C. Navalnyy and . Ofitserov, Russia in ECtHR (section), Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan, issue.2, 2017.

. Ibidem,

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, § 116

. Ibidem,

, Since EComHR, Kamma v. the Netherlands, no. 4771/71, Commission's report of 14, 1974.

, Later upheld and explained in ECtHR (Grand Chamber), Merabishvili v. Georgia, § 293

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyy and Ofisterov v. Russia, joint partly dissenting opinion of judges Nicolaou

. Ibidem,

, ECtHR (section), Navalnyye v. Russia, joint partly dissenting opinion of judges Keller and Dedov

. Ecthr, Navalnyy v. Russia, § §, pp.173-175

. Ibidem,

N. V. Russia, ECtHR (section)

J. Lapitskaya, &. Echr, R. , and C. , Two is Not Company and Three is Definitely a Crowd, International Law and Politics, vol.43, issue.2, p.490, 2013.

, Secretariat of the Committee of Ministers (Council of Europe), DH-DD(2017)865, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV v, Action report, p.1, 2016.

, the Committee of Ministers is not content with deciding to reopen the proceedings but takes into consideration the outcome achieved at domestic level before pronouncing the case closed

S. E. Lambert-abdelgawad, The ECtHR can also request a retrial "with a view to helping the respondent State to fulfil its obligations under Article 46" in its motivation, as stressed in ECtHR, Judgment, vol.2, p.21, 2005.

, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV?, op. cit. 179 "The Court convicted Navalnyy in the Kirovles case, Interfax, vol.865, 2017.

, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV?, vol.865, 2017.

, Compared tables of coincidences between the text of the sentence of A. A. Navalnyyy in Kirovles case 2017 (judge Vtyurin A. L.) and the text of the sentence in Kirovles case, Dissernet, 2013.

, 1 Communication from the applicant (30/11/2017) in the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV v, p.1354, 2017.

, R (2000) 2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the re-examination or reopening of certain cases at domestic level following judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, 2000.

, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV?, vol.865, 2017.

, DH-DD(2017)1326, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of NAVALNYY AND OFITSEROV v. Russian Federation (Application No. 46632/13), Action report, 2017.

. Ibidem,

. Dh-dd, Communication from the Russian Federation in the cases of Khodorkovskiy and Lebedev and Pichugin (Klyakhin group) against Russian Federation (Applications No. 11082/06, 38623/03), vol.871, 2016.

, Committee of Ministers, Ministers' Deputies, Supervision of the execution of the European Court's judgments, CM/Del/Dec(2017)1294/H46-25, 1294th meeting, pp.46-71, 2017.

O. Navalnyy, Russian Federation (Application No. 46632/13), § 2; Committee of Ministers, Ministers' Deputies, Supervision of the execution of the European Court's judgments, CM/Del/Dec(2017)1302/H46-24, 1302nd meeting, 2017.

, Committee of Ministers, Ministers' Deputies, Supervision of the execution of the European Court's judgments, CM/Del/Dec(2017)1294/H46-25, 1294th meeting, pp.46-71, 2017.

O. Navalnyy, Russian Federation (Application No. 46632/13), vol.3

A. Fortas, La surveillance de l'exécution des arrêts et décisions des Cours européenne et interaméricaine des droits de l'homme, p.74, 2015.

;. Ecthr, ECtHR (Grand Chamber), Navalnyy v. Russia, n os 29580/12 and al, Stanev v. Bulgaria, n o 36760/06, Judgment, vol.254, p.182, 2012.

F. Sudre-;-f and . Sudre, Les grands arrêts de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme, p.927

, ECtHR (section), Papamichalopoulos and others v, Greece (Article, vol.50, p.31, 14556.

, citing PCIJ, Factory at Chorzów, Merits, Series A, n o 17, p.47, 1928.

. Ecthr, Stanev v. Bulgaria, no 36760/06, Judgment, p.182, 2012.

. Ibidem;-ecthr, Grand Chamber), Ocalan v. Turkey, § 210

. Ecthr, VgT v. Switzerland, p.85, 2009.

L. Hennebel, H. Tigroudja, T. De, A. Paris, and . Pedone, Such practice of review appears to be well-established in several Committee's decisions, see for example Supervision of the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, p.130, 2016.

. Ecthr, VgT v. Switzerland, p.90

, Committee of Ministers, Ministers' Deputies, Supervision of the execution of the European Court's judgments, CM/Del/Dec(2017)1294/H46-25, 1294th meeting, pp.46-71, 2017.

O. Navalnyy, Russian Federation (Application No. 46632/13), vol.4

, On the decision of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the issue of execution of the judgment of the ECtHR in the case of "Navalnyy and Ofitserov v. Russia, 2017.

;. Ecthr, O. V. Navalnyy, and . Russia, , 2017.

A. Drzemczewski and K. Dzehtsiarou, Painful Relations between the Council of Europe and Russia, EJIL: Talk!, 2018.

. Compliance, , pp.115-120, 2014.

J. Lapitskaya, &. Echr, R. , and C. , Two is Not Company and Three is Definitely a Crowd, pp.493-495

, Secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, Navalnyy and Ofitserov v. Russia Case Description, pp.4-13537

, On the reopening of proceedings in a criminal case in the light of new circumstances, Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, pp.53-71, 2018.

. Ibidem,

, Russia paid more than four million rubles to Alexey Navalnyy as a just satisfaction in the "Yves Rocher" case, CM/Del/Dec(2019)1348/D-add, 1348th meeting, vol.210, p.14, 2018.

. Kasparov and . Russia, See also ECtHR (section), Kasparov and others v. Russia, n o 21613/07, Judgment, vol.30, issue.2, pp.92-95, 2013.

, ECtHR (section), Nemtsov v. Russia, n o 1774/11, Judgment, §, vol.76, 2014.

;. Ecthr, Y. V. Navalnyy, and . Russia, For extensive review, see ECtHR (section), Lashmankin and others v. Russia, n os 57818/09 and 14 others, Judgment, vol.65, issue.11, pp.461-463, 2014.

, Kasparov and others v, Judgment, issue.2, p.32, 2016.

, See also ECtHR (section), Nemtsov v. Russia, n o 1774/11, Judgment, §, vol.77, 2014.

, ECtHR (section), Frumkin v. Russia, n o 74568/12, Judgment, §, vol.74, p.141, 2014.

, ECtHR (section), Nemtsov v. Russia, n o 1774/11, Judgment, §, vol.103, 2014.

, ECtHR (section), Frumkin v. Russia, n o 74568/12, Judgment, §, vol.96, p.150, 2014.

, Kasparov and others v. Russia, Judgment, pp.64-66, 2013.

, ECtHR (section), Nemtsov v. Russia, n o 1774/11, Judgment, pp.92-93, 2014.

, ECtHR (section), Frumkin v. Russia, n o 74568/12, Judgment, §, vol.83, pp.165-166, 2014.

, Lashmankin and others v. Russia, n os 57818/09 and 14 others, Judgment, p.430, 2017.

. Ibidem,

, Follow-up Memorandum on Freedom of Assembly in the Russian Federation, vol.25, pp.8-15, 2017.

, Communication from the Russian Federation concerning the case of Lashmankin and Others v. Russian Federation (Application No. 57818/09), Action plan, Secretariat of the Committee of Ministers, vol.420, 2018.