G. K. Hovingh, M. H. Davidson, J. Kastelein, O. Connor, and A. M. , Diagnosis and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia, Eur Heart J, vol.34, issue.13, pp.962-71, 2013.

M. Benn, G. F. Watts, A. Tybjaerg-hansen, and B. G. Nordestgaard, Mutations causative of familial hypercholesterolaemia: screening of 98 098 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study estimated a prevalence of 1 in 217, Eur Heart J, vol.37, issue.17, pp.1384-94, 2016.

R. M. Conroy, K. Pyorala, and A. P. Fitzgerald, Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project, Eur Heart J, vol.24, 2003.

P. W. Wilson, D. 'agostino, R. B. Levy, D. Belanger, A. M. Silbershatz et al., Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories, Circulation, vol.97, issue.18, pp.1837-1884, 1998.

S. Tonstad, O. Joakimsen, E. Stensland-bugge, L. Ose, K. H. Bønaa et al., Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia mutations and control subjects, Eur J Clin Investig, vol.28, issue.12, pp.971-980, 1998.

F. J. Raal, G. J. Pilcher, R. Waisberg, E. P. Buthelezi, M. G. Veller et al., Bulk is the pivotal determinant of hypercholesterolemia, Am J Cardiol, vol.83, pp.1330-1333, 1999.

H. M. Cheng, Z. X. Ye, K. R. Chiou, S. J. Lin, and M. J. Charng, Vascular stiffness in familial hypercholesterolaemia is associated with C-reactive protein and cholesterol burden, Eur J Clin Investig, vol.37, issue.3, pp.197-206, 2007.

A. Gallo, P. Giral, A. Carrié, V. Carreau, S. Béliard et al., Early coronary calcifications are related to cholesterol burden in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, J Clin Lipidol, vol.11, issue.3, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01504788

J. H. Stein, C. E. Korcarz, and R. T. Hurst, Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of

, Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascula, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, vol.21, 2008.

A. S. Agatston, W. R. Janowitz, F. J. Hildner, N. R. Zusmer, M. Viamonte et al., Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.15, issue.4, pp.827-859, 1990.

H. Schmidt, S. Hill, E. V. Makariou, I. M. Feuerstein, K. A. Dugi et al., Relation of cholesterol-year score to severity of calcific atherosclerosis and tissue deposition in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, Am J Cardiol, vol.77, issue.8, pp.575-80, 1996.

G. Sangiorgi, J. A. Rumberger, A. Severson, W. D. Edwards, J. Gregoire et al., Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.31, issue.1, pp.126-159, 1998.

R. Detrano, A. D. Guerci, J. J. Carr, D. E. Bild, G. Burke et al., Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups, N Engl J Med, vol.358, issue.13, pp.1336-1381, 2008.

A. Becker, A. Leber, C. Becker, and A. Knez, Predictive value of coronary calcifications for future cardiac events in asymptomatic individuals, Am Heart J, vol.155, issue.1, pp.154-60, 2008.

Z. X. He, T. D. Hedrick, C. M. Pratt, M. S. Verani, V. Aquino et al., Severity of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography predicts silent myocardial ischemia, Circulation, vol.101, issue.3, pp.244-51, 2000.

P. Raggi, T. Q. Callister, B. Cooil, Z. X. He, N. J. Lippolis et al., Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron-beam computed tomography, Circulation, vol.101, issue.8, pp.850-855, 2000.

H. S. Hecht, Coronary artery calcium scanning: past, present, and future, J Am Coll Cardiol: Cardiovasc Imaging, vol.8, issue.5, pp.579-96, 2015.

T. M. Okwuosa, P. Greenland, H. Ning, K. Liu, and L. Dm, Yield of screening for coronary artery calcium in early middle-age adults based on the 10-year Framingham Risk Score: the CARDIA Study, J Am Coll Cardiol: Cardiovasc Imaging, vol.5, issue.9, pp.923-953, 2012.

A. Mattina, D. Rosenbaum, R. Bittar, D. Bonnefont-rousselot, D. Noto et al., Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 activity is increased in patients with definite familial hypercholesterolemia compared with other forms of hypercholesterolemia, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, vol.28, pp.517-540, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01821621

G. Pugliese, C. Iacobini, C. B. Fantauzzi, and S. Menini, The dark and bright side of atherosclerotic calcification, Atherosclerosis, vol.238, issue.2, pp.220-250, 2015.

R. L. Mcclelland, H. Chung, R. Detrano, W. Post, and R. A. Kronmal, Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), Circulation, vol.113, issue.1, pp.30-37, 2006.

M. Walu-s-miarka, D. Czarnecka, M. Kloch-bade?ek, W. Wojciechowska, M. Kapusta et al., Carotid artery plaques e are risk factors the same in men and women with familial hypercholesterolemia?, Int J Cardiol, vol.244, pp.290-295, 2017.

C. N. Bairey-merz, L. J. Shaw, S. E. Reis, V. Bittner, S. F. Kelsey et al., Insights from the NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular cor, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.47, issue.3, 2006.

D. M. Polk and T. Z. Naqvi, Cardiovascular disease in women: sex differences in presentation, risk factors, and evaluation, Curr Cardiol Rep, vol.7, issue.3, pp.166-72, 2005.

R. Ajit, K. Srivastava, D. Baumann, and G. Schonfeld, In vivo regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptors by estrogen differs at the posttranscriptional level in rat and mouse, Eur J Biochem, 1993.

T. Inukai, K. Takanashi, K. Takebayashi, K. Tayama, Y. Aso et al., Estrogen markedly increases LDL-receptor activity in hypercholesterolemic patients, J Med, vol.31, issue.5e6, pp.247-61, 2000.

K. B. Holven, I. Narverud, J. R. Van-lennep, J. Versmissen, L. Øyri et al., Sex differences in cholesterol levels from birth to 19 years of age may lead to increased cholesterol burden in females with FH, J Clin Lipidol, vol.12, issue.3, 2018.

A. Lee, W. Chen, H. Chan, J. Hsu, M. Shen et al., Gender disparity in LDL-induced cardiovascular damage and the protective role of estrogens against electronegative LDL, Cardiovasc Diabetol, vol.13, issue.1, p.64, 2014.

G. Pasterkamp, A. H. Schoneveld, B. Hillen, J. D. Banga, C. C. Haudenschild et al., Is plaque formation in the common carotid artery representative for plaque formation and luminal stenosis in other atherosclerotic peripheral arteries? A post mortem study, Atherosclerosis, vol.137, issue.1, pp.205-215, 1998.

L. Fernández-friera, J. L. Peñalvo, A. Fernández-ortiz, B. Ibañez, B. López-melgar et al., vascular distribution, and multiterritorial extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-aged cohort, Circulation, vol.131, issue.24, pp.2104-2117, 2015.

M. Laclaustra, J. A. Casasnovas, A. Fernández-ortiz, V. Fuster, M. León-latre et al., Femoral and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis association with risk factors and coronary calcium: the AWHS study, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.67, issue.11, pp.1263-74, 2016.

B. G. Nordestgaard, M. J. Chapman, S. E. Humphries, H. N. Ginsberg, L. Masana et al., Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease, Eur Heart J, vol.34, issue.45, pp.3478-90, 2013.

L. Pérez-de-isla, A. R. Mata, N. Saltijeral, A. Muñiz, O. Rubio-marin et al., Coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke in familial hypercholesterolaemia: insights from the SAFEHEART registry (Spanish familial hypercholesterolaemia cohort study), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, vol.36, issue.9, 2016.