Geoarchaeology as a tool to understand ancient navigation in the northern Persian Gulf and the harbour history of Siraf

Majid Pourkerman (1) , Nick Marriner (2) , Christophe Morhange (1) , Morteza Djamali (3) , Giorgio Spada (4) , Sedighe Amjadi (5) , Matteo Vacchi (6) , Hamid Lahijani (7) , Mohammad Esmaeili Jelodar (8) , Hossein Tofighian (9) , Abdolmajid Naderi Beni (7)

1 CEREGE - Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement
2 ThéMA - Théoriser et modéliser pour aménager (UMR 6049)
3 IMBE - Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale
4 Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo'
5 FUM - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
6 University of Pisa - Università di Pisa
7 INIOAS - Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences
8 University of Tehran
9 Institute of Archaeology of Iran, Underwater Archaeology Department, Archaeology Research Centre

Historical texts and archaeological studies attest to the maritime and trade importance of the Persian Gulf since the Sassanid Empires. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of data regarding ancient navigation and the reasons for a shift in m aritim e trade from the western (e.g. Shatt-al-Arab) to eastern (Siraf) Persian Gulf by the Abbasid dynasty. For som e scholars, Siraf was occupied between 360 and 977 CE, after which tim e an earthquake en-trained the dem ise of the city. However, it is unclear when Siraf was founded and how natural navigation conditions changed for ocean-going vessels in harbours of the NW Persian Gulf. To address this knowledge gap, we here present new geoarchaeological data from Siraf. Two anthropogenic facies were detected in drilled cores. They suggest that Siraf dates back to 2 BC-317 CE. After a hiatus, a second occupation phase began during the reign of Shapur II. Relative Sea-Level (RSL) fluctuations, climate change and Persian Gulf bathymetry all affected the possible nautical accessibility of this ancient Persian harbour. A fall in RSL, leading to a shortening of navigable water columns and amplified summertime Shamal wind from 550 CE onwards possibly led to a loss in the im portance of Shatt-al-Arab and other ports in the western Persian Gulf. It appears to have m ade Siraf the best alternative for seafarers. According to the wind regimes, the best time for arrival and departure from Siraf was August and October, respectively. RSL rise and increasing coastal erosion during the winter-tim e Shamal winds led to the degradation of harbour potentialities and was possibly at the origin of econom ic decline and poorly adapted harbour works at Siraf during a 150-year period between 850 and 1000 CE.

Mots clés: Siraf; Geoarchaeology; Persian Gulf; Shamal winds; Coastal geomorphology; Relative sea level

Domaines: Sciences de l'environnement

Majid Pourkerman, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange, Morteza Djamali, Giorgio Spada, et al.. Geoarchaeology as a tool to understand ancient navigation in the northern Persian Gulf and the harbour history of Siraf. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2020, 33, pp.102539. ⟨10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102539⟩. ⟨hal-02937277⟩